Table 4.
Associations between putative risk factors of cancer and risk of cancer in the Jiangsu Four Cancers Study, 2003–2010
| Risk factors | Controls |
Esophageal cancer |
Stomach cancer |
Lung cancer |
Liver cancer |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | aOR (95% CI)a | N (%) | aOR (95% CI)a | N (%) | aOR (95% CI)a | N (%) | aOR (95% CI)a | |
| Tobacco smoking | |||||||||
| Never | 4,292 (53.5) | 1,159 (39.0) | 1.00 (reference) | 923 (41.7) | 1.00 (reference) | 1,078 (37.5) | 1.00 (reference) | 976 (48.4) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Ever | 3,727 (46.5) | 1,810 (61.0) | 1.68 (1.50–1.87) | 1,293 (58.3) | 1.61 (1.43–1.81) | 1,793 (62.5) | 2.86 (2.55–3.21) | 1,042 (51.6) | 1.27 (1.12–1.43) |
| Pack-years of tobacco smoking | |||||||||
| 0 | 4,292 (53.5) | 1,159 (39.0) | 1.00 (reference) | 923 (41.7) | 1.00 (reference) | 1,078 (37.5) | 1.00 (reference) | 976 (48.4) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 1–20 | 840 (10.5) | 297 (10.0) | 1.38 (1.16–1.63) | 264 (11.9) | 1.49 (1.25–1.76) | 258 (9.0) | 1.86 (1.56–2.21) | 284 (14.1) | 1.33 (1.12–1.58) |
| 20–39 | 1,163 (14.5) | 556 (18.7) | 1.71 (1.48–1.97) | 346 (15.6) | 1.37 (1.17–1.61) | 449 (15.6) | 2.44 (2.10–2.84) | 320 (15.9) | 1.18 (1.00–1.39) |
| ≥40 | 1,227 (15.3) | 695 (23.4) | 2.00 (1.74–2.31) | 512 (23.1) | 1.95 (1.68–2.27) | 800 (27.9) | 4.43 (3.83–5.12) | 278 (13.8) | 1.24 (1.04–1.48) |
| Missing | 497 (6.2) | 262 (8.8) | 171 (7.7) | 286 (10.0) | 160 (7.9) | ||||
| P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.011 | |||||
| Alcohol drinking frequency | |||||||||
| Never | 4,303 (53.7) | 1,372 (46.2) | 1.00 (reference) | 1,073 (48.4) | 1.00 (reference) | 1,463 (51.0) | 1.00 (reference) | 891 (44.1) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Occasionally | 1,472 (18.4) | 546 (18.4) | 1.20 (1.04–1.39) | 412 (18.6) | 1.04 (0.90–1.21) | 546 (19.0) | 1.04 (0.90–1.20) | 408 (20.2) | 1.35 (1.15–1.57) |
| Often | 2,244 (28.0) | 1,051 (35.4) | 1.40 (1.23–1.60) | 731 (33.0) | 1.10 (0.96–1.26) | 862 (30.0) | 0.98 (0.86–1.11) | 719 (35.6) | 1.55 (l.34–1.79) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.177 | 0.740 | <0.001 | |||||
| Alcohol drinking amount in the 1990s (grams of pure ethanol per day) |
|||||||||
| 0 | 5,018 (62.6) | 1,627 (54.8) | 1.00 (reference) | 1,281 (57.8) | 1.00 (reference) | 1,743 (60.7) | 1.00 (reference) | 1,128 (55.9) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 1–49 | 1,359 (16.9) | 509 (17.1) | 1.14 (0.99–1.31) | 381 (17.2) | 0.98 (0.84–1.14) | 451 (15.7) | 0.90 (0.77–1.03) | 341 (16.9) | 1.11 (0.94–1.30) |
| ≥ 50 | 1,492 (18.6) | 773 (26.0) | 1.46 (1.28–1.67) | 523 (23.6) | 1.18 (1.02–1.36) | 617 (21.5) | 1.07 (0.93–1.23) | 505 (25.0) | 1.50 (1.29–1.75) |
| Missing | 150 (1.9) | 60 (2.0) | 31 (1.4) | 60 (2.1) | 44 (2.2) | ||||
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.037 | 0.466 | <0.001 | |||||
| Family history of any cancer | |||||||||
| No | 6,443 (80.3) | 2,097 (70.6) | 1.00 (reference) | 1,611 (72.7) | 1.00 (reference) | 2,315 (80.6) | 1.00 (reference) | 1,459 (72.3) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | 1,576 (19.7) | 872 (29.4) | 1.63 (1.45–1.83) | 605 (27.3) | 1.48 (1.30–1.68) | 556 (19.4) | 1.09 (0.96–1.24) | 559 (27.7) | 1.62 (1.41–1.85) |
aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval
a
Odds ratios were adjusted for county of residence, age, sex, education, income 10 years ago, pack-years of smoking (except when analyzing smoking), alcohol drinking amount in the 1990s (except when analyzing alcohol drinking), and family history of cancer (except when analyzing family history of cancer).