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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jul 24.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Commun. 2014 Apr 7;5:3613. doi: 10.1038/ncomms4613

Figure 1. An ionic delivery assay designed to probe nanostraw cell penetration.

Figure 1

Nanostraw membranes are integrated into a microfluidic device (a) For each cell plated in the device, there are many nanostraw interfaces that may either be non-penetrant or penetrant (b). When the nanostraws penetrate into the cell membrane, the Co2+ ions in the solution below are able to directly enter the cell via passive diffusion and quench GFP fluorescence (c, scale bar, 20 µm).