Table 4. Prevalence estimates of NDDs for the five study districts according to age categories*.
| Diagnosis↓ Age category (in years) | Sites | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Palwal | Kangra | Hyderabad | Dhenkanal | North Goa | All sites pooled | |||||||
| 2–<6 | 6–9 | 2–<6 | 6–9 | 2–<6 | 6–9 | 2–<6 | 6–9 | 2–<6 | 6–9 | 2–<6 | 6–9 | |
| Any NDD** (at least 1) | 18.7 | 18.5 | 9.5 | 15.3 | 9.6 | 14.4 | 2.9 | 6.5 | 8.0 | 16.0 | 9.2 | 13.6 |
| (14.7–23.6) | (15.3–22.3) | (7.0–12.8) | (11.8–19.7) | (6.2–14.6) | (9.9–20.4) | (1.6–5.5) | (4.6–9.1) | (4.7–13.2) | (11.2–22.4) | (7.5–11.2) | (11.3–16.2) | |
| >1 NDD | 4.3 | 5.3 | 1.6 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 2.4 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 3.0 | 2.3 | 2.6 |
| (2.2–8.2) | (3.3–8.2) | (0.8–3.1) | (2.0–5.4) | (1.7–6.4) | (0.8–7.1) | (0.1–1.7) | (0.2–2.0) | (0.5–4.1) | (1.4–6.2) | (1.5–3.4) | (1.7–4.0) | |
| VI | 0.3 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.6 |
| (0.0–1.3) | (0.0–0.7) | (0.4–2.4) | (0.1–1.8) | (0.2–4.9) | (0.1–6.2) | (0.3–2.8) | (0.2–2.0) | (0–1.5) | (0.2–3.6) | (0.3–1.8) | (0.2–1.9) | |
| Epi | 1.4 | 3.6 | 0.8 | 2.6 | 1.6 | 2.7 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 2.2 |
| (0.7–2.9) | (2.1–6.2) | (0.4–2.0) | (1.4–4.9) | (0.7–3.7) | (1.0–7.0) | (0.2–1.9) | (0.3–2.3) | (0.0–1.8) | (0.8–4.7) | (0.6–1.7) | (1.4–3.6) | |
| NMI-CP | 3.8 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.9 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 1.3 |
| (1.8–7.8) | (0.8–4.7) | (0.8–3.7) | (0.9–4.3) | (1.3–6.4) | (0.4–5.7) | (0.1–1.7) | (0.0–1.5) | (0.4–7.1) | (0.3–3.7) | (1.3–3.4) | (0.7–2.4) | |
| HI | 9.9 | 7.9 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 3.4 | 2.7 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 3.3 | 2.6 |
| (7.2–13.6) | (5.5–11.2) | (1.1–4.7) | (1.3–5.2) | (1.4–7.7) | (1.3–5.4) | (0.1–2.7) | (0.4–3.0) | (0.0–1.8) | (0.0–1.8) | (2.3–4.8) | (1.9–3.7) | |
| Speech and language disorders | 2.0 | 1.6 | 2.9 | 2.6 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 5.9 | 4.3 | 1.6 | 1.6 |
| (1.0–3.8) | (0.8–3.2) | (1.5–5.3) | (1.2–5.3) | (0.0–3.6) | (0.0–2.1) | (0.0–0.7) | (0.0–1.4) | (3.2–10.6) | (2.3–8.0) | (1.0–2.4) | (1.0–2.7) | |
| ASDs | 1.7 | 1.9 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 2.1 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 1.4 |
| (0.6–4.8) | (0.8–4.6) | (0.2–1.7) | (0.3–3.0) | (0.5–3.3) | (0.5–8.2) | (0.2–1.9) | (0.3–3.7) | (0.1–2.0) | (0.0–1.8) | (0.6–1.6) | (0.6–3.2) | |
| ID | 5.6 | 6.6 | 2.8 | 5.7 | 4.7 | 8.0 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 3.1 | 5.2 |
| (3.3–9.4) | (4.7–9.3) | (1.6–5.1) | (3.6–8.4) | (2.6–8.2) | (4.6–13.7) | (0.2–2.7) | (0.2–2.0) | (0.5–4.1) | (0.4–3.7) | (2.2–4.2) | (3.4–7.7) | |
| ADHD** | - | 0.8 | - | 2.3 | - | 0.5 | - | 0.7 | - | 1.9 | - | 1.0 |
| (0.3–2.0) | (1.1–4.7) | (0.1–2.2) | (0.2–2.0) | (0.8–4.5) | (0.6–1.5) | |||||||
| LDs** | - | 1.5 | - | 1.2 | - | - | - | 2.0 | - | 7.6 | - | 1.6 |
| (0.5–4.5) | (0.4–3.3) | (1.0–3.9) | (3.9–14.2) | (1.0–2.5) | ||||||||
*Weighed according to district population for age category, gender, place of residence (rural/urban), and religion (Hindu/non-Hindu) as per Census of India, 2011.Values in parentheses indicate 95% CI.
**ADHD and LD were assessed only in the 6–9 year age category, and therefore, prevalence for 2–<6 and 6–9 year age category were calculated separately.
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; ASD, autism spectrum disorder; CI, confidence interval; Epi, epilepsy; HI, hearing impairment; ID, intellectual disability; LD, learning disorder; NDD, neurodevelopmental disorder; NMI-CP, neuromotor impairments including cerebral palsy; VI, vision impairment.