Table 5. Multivariable logistic regression analysis for risk factors for NDDs#.
| Risk factors | Reference | AOR 95% CI | p value | PAF 95% CI** |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modifiable risk factors | 43.8 (32.9–52.9) | |||
| Consanguinity | No consanguinity | 1.4 (0.7–2.8) | 0.343 | 2.2 (0.03–4.3) |
| Neurological or mental illness in the family | No neurological or mental illness in the family | 1.0 (0.7–1.6) | 0.823 | 3.4 (0.2–6.4) |
| Medical complications during pregnancy | No medical complications during pregnancy | 1.0 (0.6–1.9) | 0.938 | 2.4 (0.0–5.6) |
| Chorioamnionitis | No chorioamnionitis | 1.5 (0.8–3.0) | 0.235 | 2.6 (0.5–4.7) |
| Birth order ≥3 | Birth order <3 | 1.4 (0.9–2.2) | 0.129 | 11.3 (6.6–15.8) |
| Multiple pregnancies | Single pregnancy | 0.6 (0.3–1.4) | 0.282 | 0.05 (0.0–1.8) |
| Place of delivery (Non-institutional) | Institutional | 1.5 (1.0–2.3) | 0.042* | 18.2 (11.6–24.4) |
| Perinatal asphyxia | No perinatal asphyxia | 1.9 (1.0–3.5) | 0.039* | 6.3 (3.3–9.2) |
| Neonatal illness (requiring hospitalization) | No neonatal illness | 2.2 (1.5–3.1) | <0.001* | 10.4 (6.9–13.8) |
| Traumatic brain injury | No traumatic brain injury | 1.8 (0.9–3.4) | 0.087 | 3.5 (1.4–5.5) |
| Post-natal neurological/brain infections | No Post-natalneurological/ brain infection | 3.3 (1.3–8.8) | 0.011* | 3.4 (1.9–4.9) |
| Stunting | No stunting | 1.6 (1.1–2.4) | 0.012* | 11.8 (6.4–17.0) |
| LBW (<2.5kg)/prematurity (gestation <37weeks) | Birth weight ≥2.5 kg and gestation ≥37 weeks | 1.6 (1.1–2.5) | 0.022* | 7.2 (3.4–10.9) |
| Nonmodifiable risk factors | 31.5 (8.0–49.1) | |||
| Gender (Boy) | Girl | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 0.335 | 13.1 (4.2–21.1) |
| Place of Residence (Rural) | Urban | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) | 0.090 | 18.7 (1.8–32.6) |
| Education (never been to school) | Ever been to school | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) | 0.983 | 11.2 (5.8–16.4) |
| Religion (non-Hindu) | Hindu | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | 0.332 | 1.6 (0.0–4.6) |
| Caste (SC-ST) | Rest | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) | 0.345 | 0.9 (0.0–6.2) |
| SLI score | (Continuous variable) | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) | 0.082 | |
| Age category(6–9 years) | 2–<6 years | 1.4 (1.0–1.9) | 0.023* | 14.8 (6.3–22.5) |
# Weighed according to national population for age category, gender, place of residence (rural/urban), and religion (Hindu/non-Hindu) as per Census of India, 2011.
* Statistically significant (p < 0.05).
** PAF for all modifiable and nonmodifiable factors taken together:76.9% (95% CI 45.6%–90.2%); PAF for statistically significant modifiable factors only: 36.8% (95% CI 27.2%–45.1%).
Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; LBW, low birth weight; NDD, neurodevelopmental disorder; SC-ST, scheduled caste/tribe; SLI, Standard of Living Index.