Table 2. Clinical presentation of GEMS-Kenya cases (N = 1,778) by Cryptosporidium status, western Kenya, 2008–2012.
| Cryptosporidium- positive cases (N = 195) | Cryptosporidium- negative cases (N = 1,583) | OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Measured or observed by clinician at enrollment | |||
| Had fevera at enrollment | 50 (25.6%) | 495 (31.3%) | 0.76 (0.54, 1.06) |
| Required intravenous rehydration | 33 (16.9%) | 203 (12.8%) | 1.38 (0.91, 2.05) |
| Child’s mouth: | |||
| Normal | 6 (3.1%) | 63 (4.0%) | ref. |
| Somewhat dry | 148 (75.9%) | 1,226 (77.4%) | 1.27 (0.58, 3.32) |
| Very dry | 41 (21.0%) | 293 (18.5%) | 1.47 (0.64, 3.99) |
| Child’s mental state: | |||
| Normal | 64 (32.8%) | 565 (35.7%) | ref. |
| Irritable or restless | 125 (64.1%) | 975 (61.6%) | 1.13 (0.83, 1.56) |
| Lethargic or unconscious | 6 (3.1%) | 43 (2.7%) | 1.23 (0.46, 2.80) |
| Reported by caretaker at enrollment | |||
| Child is very thirsty | 153 (78.5%) | 1,218 (76.9%) | 1.04 (0.73, 1.51) |
| Child drinks poorly or is unable to drink | 32 (16.4%) | 256 (16.2%) | 1.02 (0.67, 1.50) |
| Child has wrinkled skin | 39 (20.0%) | 256 (16.2%) | 1.29 (0.87, 1.85) |
| Child has fast breathing | 27 (13.8%) | 260 (16.4%) | 0.82 (0.52, 1.23) |
| Maximum # of stools child passed in a 24-hour period during illness up to enrollment | |||
| ≤6 | 145 (74.4%) | 1,174 (74.2%) | ref. |
| 7–10 | 42 (21.5%) | 356 (22.5%) | 0.96 (0.66, 1.36) |
| >10 | 8 (4.1%) | 53 (3.3%) | 1.22 (0.53, 2.48) |
| Characteristics of stool sample provided at enrollment | |||
| Stool sample wateryb | 114 (58.5%) | 817 (51.6%) | 1.32 (0.98, 1.79) |
| Blood in stool sample | 6 (3.1%) | 60 (3.8%) | 0.81 (0.31, 1.75) |
| Pus in stool sample | 7 (3.6%) | 48 (3.0%) | 1.19 (0.49, 2.50) |
| Mucus in stool sample | 155 (79.5%) | 1,096 (69.2%) | 1.72 (1.21, 2.51) |
| Diarrhea durationc | (N = 169)d | (N = 1,401)d | |
| Acute diarrhea (1–6 days) | 57 (33.7%) | 680 (48.5%) | ref. |
| Prolonged diarrhea (7–13 days) | 91 (53.8%) | 648 (46.3%) | 1.68 (1.18, 2.37) |
| Persistent diarrhea (≥14 days) | 21 (12.4%) | 73 (5.2%) | 3.43 (1.97, 5.98) |
OR = odds ratio (logistic regression); CI = confidence interval; ref. = referent group; bolding indicates statistically significant at p<0.05
a. Temperature >38°C measured in health facility
b. Compared to stool that was formed, soft, or thick liquid
c. At enrollment caretakers were (1) asked how many days the case child had been experiencing diarrhea in the week before presenting at the health facility and (2) instructed on how to record the presence/absence of diarrhea for 14 days following enrollment on a pre-piloted Memory Aid form. The total number of days of diarrhea was calculated as the sum of these durations, with a maximum of 21 possible diarrhea days, which may include multiple episodes.
d. Diarrhea duration is only reported for case children with complete Memory Aid forms