Table 3.

Risk for Advanced Kidney Disease Outcomes by Category of Daily Coffee Consumption

	Coffee Consumption Levela
	Never (n=2,758)	<1 cup/d (n=3,024)	1–<2 cups/d (n=3,578)	2–<3 cups/d (n=2,102)	≥3 cups/d (n=2,747)	p for trend
ESRDb
No. of events	70	63	72	38	38
Incidence rate per 1,000 person-years	1.2	0.9	0.9	0.8	0.6
Model 1	1.00 (reference)	0.80 (0.57–1.12)	0.79 (0.57–1.10)	0.73 (0.48–1.10)	0.69 (0.46–1.04)	0.1
Model 2	1.00 (reference)	0.81 (0.58–1.14)	0.76 (0.55–1.06)	0.69 (0.45–1.05)	0.59 (0.39–0.90)	0.03
Model 3	1.00 (reference)	0.83 (0.59–1.16)	0.84 (0.60–1.17)	0.76 (0.50–1.16)	0.83 (0.54–1.28)	0.5
Kidney Failurec
No. of events	187	159	201	117	120
Incidence rate per 1,000 person-years	3.3	2.4	2.6	2.7	2.1
Model 1	1.00 (reference)	0.69 (0.56–0.85)	0.75 (0.61–0.91)	0.82 (0.64–1.04)	0.73 (0.58–0.93)	0.2
Model 2	1.00 (reference)	0.69 (0.56–0.86)	0.72 (0.59–0.88)	0.76 (0.60–0.97)	0.62 (0.48–0.78)	<0.001
Model 3	1.00 (reference)	0.71 (0.58–0.88)	0.79 (0.65–0.97)	0.85 (0.67–1.08)	0.82 (0.64–1.05)	0.6

Note: Unless otherwise indicated, values given as hazard ratio (95% confidence interval). Model 1: Adjusted for age, sex, race-center, education, total energy intake; model 2: model 1 + physical activity, smoking, alcohol status, DASH diet score; model 3: model 2 + diabetes status, BMI, systolic blood pressure, anti-hypertensive medication use, baseline eGFR.

^aAverage of visit 1 and visit 3 coffee intake calculated for participants with no ESRD or kidney failure events or with ESRD or kidney failure event after visit 3; visit 1 coffee intake used for participants with CKD event between visits 1 and 3.

^bDefined as cases of kidney transplant and dialysis, identified by the USRDS registry.

^cDefined by USRDS data, ICD-9/10 codes, or eGFR<15 mL/min/1.73 m² during a study visit.

Abbreviation: ESRD, end-stage renal disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; USRDS, US Renal Data System