Table II.
Cox proportional hazards model for effect of depression on mortality and amputations in PAD patients (N=129,157).
| Variable | Death | Amputation |
|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | |
| Depression (Ref. No Depression) | 1.17 (1.14, 1.20) | 1.13 (1.07, 1.19) |
| Age (1-year increase) | 1.05 (1.05, 1.05) | 0.98 (0.98, 0.98) |
| Race | – | – |
| White | Ref. | Ref. |
| Black | 0.83 (0.81, 0.85) | 1.42 (1.35, 1.50) |
| Other | 0.87 (0.81, 0.95) | 1.14 (0.94, 1.37) |
| Sex (Ref. Male) | 0.82 (0.76, 0.88) | 0.44 (0.35, 0.54) |
| Smoking | ||
| Never | Ref. | Ref. |
| Current | 1.28 (1.23, 1.32) | 1.17 (1.07, 1.28) |
| Former | 1.08 (1.03, 1.12) | 0.95 (0.86, 1.05) |
| Unknown | 1.14 (1.10, 1.19) | 1.00 (0.91, 1.10) |
| BMI (1 kg/m2 increase) | 0.97 (0.97, 0.97) | 0.96 (0.96, 0.97) |
| Creatinine (1 mg/dL increase) | 1.09 (1.09, 1.10) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.03) |
| Comorbidities (Ref. = No) | ||
| Diabetes | 1.18 (1.14, 1.23) | 1.74 (1.58, 1.91) |
| Hypertension | 1.11 (1.08, 1.14) | 1.27 (1.18, 1.37) |
| CAD | 1.20 (1.18, 1.23) | 1.05 (1.00, 1.10) |
| CHF | 1.91 (1.87, 1.95) | 1.52 (1.44, 1.61) |
| COPD | 1.34 (1.31, 1.38) | 0.91 (0.84, 0.99) |
| AF | 1.37 (1.33, 1.40) | 1.27 (1.18, 1.35) |
| Carotid Disease | 1.09 (1.07, 1.11) | 1.16 (1.10, 1.22) |
| CKD or ESRD | 1.47 (1.42, 1.53) | 1.68 (1.54, 1.83) |
| Statin (Ref. None) | 0.77 (0.75, 0.78) | 0.74 (0.71, 0.78) |
| Antiplatelets (Ref. None) | 0.71 (0.69, 0.72) | 0.87 (0.83, 0.93) |
| Antiglycemics (Ref. None) | 1.17 (1.13, 1.21) | 1.36 (1.24, 1.49) |
| Cilostazol (Ref. No) | 0.92 (0.89, 0.95) | 0.77 (0.69, 0.85) |
| Antidepressants (Ref. None) | – | – |
| Median Income (Household) of Residential ZCTA (Ref. >$75,000) | ||
| <=$25,000 | 1.37 (1.30, 1.45) | 1.15 (1.01, 1.31) |
| $25,001-$40,000 | 1.16 (1.12, 1.19) | 1.15 (1.05, 1.25) |
| $40,001-$75,000 | 1.09 (1.06, 1.12) | 1.04 (0.96, 1.13) |
| PAD Severity (Ref. = Claudication) | ||
| Not Specified | 1.01 (0.99, 1.04) | 1.16 (1.07, 1.24) |
| Rest Pain | 1.19 (1.13, 1.25) | 2.58 (2.31, 2.88) |
| Ulceration/Gangrene | 1.71 (1.65, 1.77) | 8.19 (7.59, 8.85) |
Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval, SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range; BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; AF, atrial fibrillation; CKD, chronic kidney disease; ESRD, end stage renal disease; mg, milligram; dL, deciliter; ZCTA, zip code tabulation area.