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. 2018 Jul 24;8:11122. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-29424-4

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Characterization of targeting and distribution of NF-SIONs in the brain tumor region (A–C) and non-tumor region (E 9G) by immunofluorescence staining, 8 hr after injection. The shown sections were stained each with two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs; green and red) against GFAP (A,C,D and F, astrocyte), CD11b (A,B,D and E, monocytes/macrophages), and Iba1(C and F, microglia). Compared with the non-tumoral region, macrophages and microglial cells were highly expressed in the tumor region, and nanoparticles-binding cells were well overlapped with tumor-associated macrophages/microglias (CD11b⁺ or Iba-1⁺ cells), but not with astrocytes (GFAP⁺ cells). Blue and magenta signals show the location of cell nucleus and NF-SIONs, each. White circles indicate co-localization of TAMs and NF-SIONs, and the hole seen in the tumor region was due to the injection process of tumor cells. Scale bar: 50 μm (×40).