Figure 3.

High-permeability chimney genesis out of a source region (reservoir) in three dimensions. Colour plot (logarithmic scale) of dynamic permeability $({\kappa }_{\phi }/{\mu }_f)$ for two different lithologies, conductive sandstone and impermeable shale. Contoured values show a 1.5 order of magnitude increase in $({\kappa }_{\phi }/{\mu }_f)$ representative for the chimneys. (a) Insight into the hydro-mechanical model unveiling the existence of high-permeability chimneys as tubular shaped features in three dimensions. (b) Enlargement of the centre of the model, selectively displaying the contoured chimneys. (c) Vertical two-dimensional slice of (b) displaying a colour plot of the permeability field of an isolated chimney. (d) Horizontal slice of (b) displaying a colour plot of the permeability field, resulting in rounded craters or pockmarks. Effective permeability, time and length scale are given for both permeable sandstones and low-permeability shales³⁷.