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. 2018 Jul 24;8:11159. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-29277-x

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Principal coordinates plot showing (A) unweighted UniFrac ordination and (B) box plot of PC1 by population showing ecological distance between gut microbial communities in wild, semi-wild, semi-captive, and captive red-shanked doucs. All samples were obtained with the same protocol for V4 16S rRNA sequencing, and open-reference OTU picking was used. Douc microbiomes clearly clustered by population suggesting that each douc population had a unique microbiome, and thus were highly distinctive. Lifestyle has a major influence on gut microbial community structure, as doucs living under the most unnatural conditions (captive) had gut microbiomes most disparate from wild doucs (i.e., natural).