Table 4.
Functions of tetraspanin partners on B cells.
| Partnera | Tetraspanin interacted | Function of partners on B cells |
|---|---|---|
| Adam10 | TSPAN33 | Required for development of T1 B cells to marginal zone B cells (69); increased in allergic patients, sheddase of CD23, and promotes IgE production (70); release of TACI in B cells and reflects systemic and compartmentalized B cell accumulation and activation (71); required for CD23 sorting into B cell-derived exosomes (72) |
| CD19 | CD37, CD82, CD81 | Interacts with CD21, CD81, and B cell receptor (BCR) complex to augment signals by the pre-BCR/BCR for transducing signals; modulates B-cell fate decisions at multiple stages of development (37, 73, 74); pivotal for Akt activation that is mediated by BCR (75); intensifies Src-family PTK activation following BCR ligation (76); important for recruitment of Vav, Grb2, PI3K, phospholipase Cγ2, and c-Abl, or SHPI and SHIP phosphatases (77) |
| CD1d | CD82 | Regulates interaction between activated T cells and B cells which is crucial to B cell proliferation and antibody production (78); mediates antigen presentation and augments antibody responses (79); CD1d knockout in mice impairs resistance to Borrelia burgdorferi infection due to impaired antibody production (80); CD1d upregulation on Breg cells is induced by chronic intestinal inflammatory conditions (81) |
| CD2 | CD53 | Expressed preferentially on fetal thymic B cells, anti-CD2 antibody increases IL-4-dependent Ig production by thymic B cells (82); the interaction of CD2 with LFA-3 enhances B cell responses (83); modulates T cell-dependent B cell activation (84); all peripheral B cell, the majority of bone marrow B cells and half of pre-B cells are CD2 positive (82). |
| CD36 | CD9 | Expressed by most resting MZ B cells, has no role in the development of B cells but regulates both primary and secondary phosphoryl choline antibody responses during S. pneumoniae infection (85); a target gene of POU2F2 transcription factor (86) |
| CD44 | TSPAN8 | Complex of CD44 and CD74 binds macrophage migration inhibitory factor to induce B cell survival (87); CD44 engagement could prevent polyclonal B cell activation by CD40L, while allowing B cell activation by interacting between soluble IgM and CD40L (88); required for interaction between B cells and monocytes independent of the B-cell receptor (89); induces murine B cell activation through hyaluronate-CD44 interactions (90) |
| CR2/CD21 | CD37, CD81 | An Epstein–Barr virus receptor on B cells and transduces signals (91); an interferon α receptor on B cells (92); a novel target for depletion of EBV-infected cells (93); binds to gp350 for efficient EBV infection of resting B cells (94); CD21low B cells are apoptosis-prone (95); uncoupling of CD21 and CD19 significantly reduces survival of GC B cells and titers of secondary antibody (96); defective B cell ontogeny and humoral immune response is similar between human CD21 transgenic mice and aging wild-type mice (97); premature expression of human CD21 promotes B cell deletion and reduces auto-antibody titer significantly (98); CD21/CD19-mediated signaling enhances B cell survival in primary immune response (99); forms complex with CD19 and CD81 into signaling-active lipid rafts (100, 101) |
| MET | CD82 | Recruited to CD74/CD44 complex and activated by HGF then leads to a survival cascade of B cells (102); stimulated by HGF/SF and enhances GC B cell adhesion to both VCAM-1 and fibronectin; predominantly expressed on CD38+CD77+ tonsillar B cells (103) |
| TNFRSF17/BCMA | TSPAN6 | Reduced BCMA expression on peripheral B cells associates with severe syndrome of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients (104); preferentially expressed by autoantibody producing CD180− B cells from active SLE patients (105); associates with TNF receptor-associated factors and activates NF-κB, elk-1, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 MAPK (106); receptor of a TNF homolog and implicated in SLE disease mediated by B cells (107) |
aObtained by searching keywords in title with the partners of tetraspanins in Table 4 and keywords in title/abstract with “B cell,” and excludes the literature about cancer, lymphoma, and leukemia.