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. 2018 Jul 18;11:238. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00238

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Copyright © 2018 Schlichting, Rieger, Cusumano, Grebler, Costa, Mazzotta and Helfrich-Förster.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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CRY in the compound eyes enhances sensitivity to daylight. (A) Average locomotor activity profiles of WT flies (WT_CantonS), cry⁰¹ mutants (cry⁰¹ (WT_CantonS)), cry⁰¹ controls and cry⁰¹ mutants with CRY rescued in photoreceptor cells 1–6 (R1–6) under light-dark cycles with different daylight intensities. cry⁰¹ controls consist of ~half ninaE-gal4;cry⁰¹ flies and half UAS-cry;cry⁰¹ flies, respectively. We pooled the two controls, because they behaved similarly (p = 0.176). Flies were recorded under light-dark cycles with 12 h of light and 12 h of darkness (LD 12:12) with daylight intensities of 10, 100, 1000 and 10,000 lux, respectively. Light period (bar on top) and activity during the day are shown in light gray whereas the dark period (bar on top) and activity during the night are shown in black. Average activity profiles are normalized with maximal activity set to one. Faint gray lines above and below the average profiles represent standard errors of the mean (+SEM). Number of recorded animals are given in the right top corner of the upper diagram. (B) Mean percentage diurnal activity of total daily activity (± SEM) calculated for WT flies (WT_CantonS), cry⁰¹ mutants (cry⁰¹ (WT_CantonS) and cry⁰¹ controls) and cry⁰¹ mutants with CRY rescued in photoreceptor cells 1–6 (R1–6) under light-dark cycles with different daylight intensities. A two-way ANOVA showed that relative diurnal activity depended significantly on daylight intensity (F_(3,504) = 172.017; p < 0.001) and on the strain (F_(3,5204) = 53.108; p < 0.001) and that there was a significant interaction between the two (F_(9,522) = 11.882; p < 0.001), indicating that diurnal activity decreased differently with increasing daylight intensity in the different strains. Post hoc analysis revealed significant differences between cry⁰¹ (WT_CantonS) mutants and WT_CantonS flies (p < 0.0001) as well as between cry⁰¹ controls (ninaE-gal4;cry⁰¹ and uas-cry;cry⁰¹ pooled) and cry⁰¹ mutants with CRY rescued in photoreceptor cells R1–6 (ninaE-gal4;uas-cry;cry⁰¹; p < 0.0001). Statistics: two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test.