Table 1.

Characteristics of the reported cases of AON in association with cocaine use reported so far

Authors	Age/sex	Presentation	Underlying condition/comorbidities	Endoscopic findings	Management	Outcome/complications
Shafa et al15	25/M	DKA, melena, acute anaemia and dysphagia	Insulin-dependent DM and HTN. Alcoholic, cocaine and cannabis user	Circumferential necrosis throughout the oesophagus and a mid-oesophageal stricture 5 cm in length	Gastrostomy tube and supportive therapy	Recovered strictures
Altenburger et al16	45/F	Found unresponsive	Cocaine and alcohol abuse	On autopsy examination, the oesophagus was black with ischaemic necrosis		Died
Pineo and Pineo17	30/M	Epigastric pain of 1-day duration, haematemesis and weakness	Cocaine, bupropion and amphetamine overdose	Oesophageal necrosis	PPI, intravenous opioids and nasogastric tube insertion for presumptive small bowel obstruction	Died
Singh et al18	49/M	Dysphagia, haematemesis, acute renal failure, severe GERD	Achalasia, CHF, anaemia, heavy alcohol, tobacco, cocaine use	Necrotic appearing friable areas of spontaneous bleeding	NPO, intravenous PPI twice daily, 100 U of botulinum toxin injected at LOS	Recovered

AON, acute oesophageal necrosis; CHF, congestive heart failure; DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis; DM, diabetes mellitus; GORD, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease; HTN, hypertension; LOS, lower oesophageal sphincter; PPI, proton pump inhibitor.