Table 3.
Summary of recent studies of responsive pullulan nanogels.
| Nanogel | Typical structures | Loaded objects | Applications | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CHPNH2 | R: H or Cholesteryl group or − CONH(CH2)2NH2 | Quantum dots, Bovine serum albumin | Live cell imaging | (Hasegawa et al., 2005; Toita et al., 2008) |
| CHPNH2 | β-galactosidase, amyloid β-protein, green fluorescent protein, TAT-GFP protein, Bcl-xL protein | Intracelluar protein delivery, inhibition of Aβ aggregation, cancer therapy and immune regulation | (Ikeda et al., 2006; Ayame et al., 2008; Watanabe et al., 2011) | |
| RGD-cCHP | Bovine serum albumin | Targeted protein delivery | (Shimoda et al., 2011) | |
| cCHP | Pneumococcal surfaceprotein A | Nasal vaccine | (Kong et al., 2013; Fukuyama et al., 2015) | |
| HA/DPNG | R: H or − COCH3 or PEI(6) | Paclitaxel | Treatment of heterogeneous tumor | (Yim et al., 2013) |
| PA/SDM | R: H or − CH3COCH3 or Succinylated sulfadimethoxine group | Doxorubicin | pH-responsive for targeted tumor | (Na & Bae, 2002; Na et al., 2003a) |
| PUL-DO/bHis | R: H or Deoxycholic acid group or N-Boc-l-histidine group | Doxorubicin | pH-responsive for targeted tumor | (Na et al., 2007) |
| acL-CHP | R: H or acid-labile group(7) | Bovine serum albumin | pH-sensitive for tunable release | (Morimoto et al., 2013) |
| CMP-PNIPAM | CMP: Carboxymethyl pullulan; PNIPAM(8) | Diphenhydramine hydrochloride | Thermo- and pH-responsive release | (Asmarandei et al., 2013) |
| PLP | R: H or Poly(l-lactide)(9) | Doxorubicin | Thermo-responsive for long-term release | (Seo et al., 2012) |
| SPL | R: H or Succinyl group or Poly(l-lactide)(9) | Lysozyme, etanercept | Thermo-responsive forlong-term release | (Jung et al., 2013, 2014) |
| SpP | R: H or Spiro form or Merocyanine form(10) | Citrate synthase, pyrene | Photo-responsive for protein delivery | (Hirakura et al., 2004; Wang et al., 2014) |
| PL/phA | R: H or phA(11) | – | Photodynamic therapy | (Bae et al., 2010) |
| PFP | R: H or phA or Folic acid group | – | Photodynamic therapy | (Bae & Na, 2010) |
| CHP-o-NB | R: H or o-NB(12) | Insulin | Patterned film | (Nishimura et al., 2016) |
| NIR-PNG | R: H or NG(13) | IRDye800 | Lymph node mapping | (Noh et al., 2012; Kong et al., 2015) |
| Gd-CHPOA | R: H or Cholesteryl group or Acryloyl-moiety(14); Gd-chelating crosslinker(15) | – | Tumor imaging | (Chan et al., 2015) |
| ImCHP | R: H or Cholesteryl group or Imidazolyl group(16) | – | Redox sensitivity | (Sasaki et al., 2011) |
| PulSTS-PNIPAM | R: H or STS(17) or PNIPAM(8) | – | Thermo- and redox-responsive system | (Morimoto et al., 2008b,c) |
| PA | R: H or –COCH3 | Clonazepam | Sustained release | (Jung et al., 2003) |
| BPA | R: H or –COCH3 or Vitamin H group | Doxorubicin | Targeted tumor | (Na et al., 2003b; Park et al., 2006) |
| PUL/DOCA | R: H or Deoxycholic acid group | Doxorubicin | Sustained release | (Na et al., 2006) |
| PUL/FA | R: H or Folic acid group | Doxorubicin | Anticancer | (Kim et al., 2008) |
| PUL/LLA | R: H or l-lactic acid oligomer(18) | Carmofur; Peostaglandin E2 | Antitumor; Induced immunological tolerance | (Miyazaki & Tabata, 2009; Okamoto et al., 2011) |
| CAP | R: H or Modified carborane(19) | Carborane | Boron neutron capture therapy | (Kawasaki et al., 2017) |
PEI: polyethyleneimine; PNIPAM: poly-N-isopropylacrylamide; phA: pheophorbides-A group; o-NB: ortho-Nitrobenzyl-substituted cholesteryl group; STS: sulfanylthiocarbonylsulfanyl group.
Important structures marked with consecutive numbers (6)–(19) are redrawn within the Supplemental File ‘Numbered Structures’.