| Cause of hospitalisation | Fully adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI)a by CKD stage | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients without CKD (N= 242 349) | Patients with CKD (N= 242 349) | |||
| CKD stage 3a (N= 172 555) | CKD stage 3b (N= 55 500) | CKD stage 4 or 5 (N= 14 294) | ||
| Acute kidney injury | 1b | 2.94 (2.69 to 3.20) | 7.03 (6.39 to 7.73) | 20.22 (18.14 to 22.54) |
| Heart failure | 1b | 1.43 (1.37 to 1.50) | 2.13 (2.02 to 2.24) | 3.29 (3.06 to 3.54) |
| Venous thromboembolism | 1b | 1.36 (1.28 to 1.45) | 1.68 (1.53 to 1.83) | 2.09 (1.78 to 2.46) |
| Myocardial infarction | 1b | 1.25 (1.19 to 1.31) | 1.58 (1.48 to 1.67) | 2.18 (1.99 to 2.38) |
| Urinary tract infection | 1b | 1.23 (1.19 to 1.27) | 1.61 (1.55 to 1.68) | 2.40 (2.25 to 2.57) |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding | 1b | 1.24 (1.18 to 1.31) | 1.53 (1.43 to 1.64) | 2.12 (1.90 to 2.37) |
| Cerebral infarction | 1b | 1.21 (1.15 to 1.27) | 1.39 (1.31 to 1.48) | 1.58 (1.40 to 1.78) |
| Pneumonia | 1b | 1.11 (1.07 to 1.15) | 1.50 (1.44 to 1.57) | 1.97 (1.84 to 2.11) |
| Hip fracture | 1b | 1.04 (1.00 to 1.08) | 1.29 (1.24 to 1.36) | 1.72 (1.59 to 1.85) |
| Intracranial bleeding | 1b | 1.08 (1.00 to 1.16) | 1.31 (1.19 to 1.45) | 1.28 (1.03 to 1.60) |
a
Fully adjusted hazard ratio was estimated using Cox regression models, adjusted by age, sex, financial year, ethnicity, socioeconomic and smoking status, body mass index, and comorbidities (asthma, atrial fibrillation, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, dementia, depression, diabetes mellitus, epilepsy, heart failure, hypertension, hypothyroidism, severe mental illness, osteoporosis, peripheral arterial disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and stroke and transient ischaemic attack) and clustered by general practice using robust standard errors.
b
Reference. CKD = chronic kidney disease.