| Cause of hospitalisation | Fully adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI)a by CKD stage | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients without CKD (N = 187 322) | Patients with CKD (N= 143 715) | |||
| CKD stage 3a (N= 107 803) | CKD stage 3b (N= 29 085) | CKD stage 4 or 5 (N= 6827) | ||
| Acute kidney injury | 1b | 2.65 (2.39 to 2.93) | 7.09 (6.29 to 8.00) | 24.20 (21.22 to 27.61) |
| Heart failure | 1b | 1.25 (1.17 to 1.35) | 1.95 (1.78 to 2.14) | 3.41 (2.96 to 3.94) |
| Venous thromboembolism | 1b | 1.43 (1.33 to 1.54) | 1.66 (1.48 to 1.85) | 2.23 (1.80 to 2.76) |
| Myocardial infarction | 1b | 1.25 (1.16 to 1.34) | 1.61 (1.47 to 1.76) | 2.24 (1.92 to 2.60) |
| Urinary tract infection | 1b | 1.27 (1.21 to 1.33) | 1.75 (1.66 to 1.85) | 3.15 (2.87 to 3.46) |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding | 1b | 1.29 (1.20 to 1.38) | 1.56 (1.41 to 1.72) | 2.13 (1.79 to 2.54) |
| Cerebral infarction | 1b | 1.19 (1.11 to 1.28) | 1.45 (1.33 to 1.58) | 1.56 (1.31 to 1.86) |
| Pneumonia | 1b | 1.14 (1.09 to 1.19) | 1.56 (1.47 to 1.65) | 2.33 (2.11 to 2.58) |
| Hip fracture | 1b | 1.03 (0.98 to 1.08) | 1.27 (1.19 to 1.35) | 1.69 (1.50 to 1.91) |
| Intracranial bleeding | 1b | 1.10 (0.99 to 1.21) | 1.42 (1.24 to 1.63) | 1.35 (0.98 to 1.85) |
a
After excluding patients with a history of cardiovascular disease (atrial fibrillation, coronary heart disease, heart failure, peripheral arterial disease, or stroke and transient ischaemic attack) from the matched patients with and without CKD, fully adjusted hazard ratios were estimated using Cox regression models, adjusted by age, sex, financial year, ethnicity, socioeconomic and smoking status, body mass index, and comorbidities (asthma, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dementia, depression, diabetes mellitus, epilepsy, hypertension, hypothyroidism, severe mental illness, osteoporosis, and rheumatoid arthritis) and clustered by general practice using robust standard errors.
b
Reference. CKD = chronic kidney disease.