Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of matched patients with and without chronic kidney disease
| Characteristic | Patients without CKD N= 242 349 n (%) | Patients with CKD N= 242 349 n (%) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 1.000 | ||
| <55 | 6845 (2.8) | 6845 (2.8) | |
| 55–64 | 23 556 (9.7) | 23 556 (9.7) | |
| 65–74 | 71 112 (29.3) | 71 112 (29.3) | |
| 75–84 | 102 594 (42.3) | 102 594 (42.3) | |
| ≥85 | 38 242 (15.8) | 38 242 (15.8) | |
|
| |||
| Sex (male) | 95 318 (39.3) | 95 318 (39.3) | 1.000 |
|
| |||
| Ethnicity | <0.001 | ||
| White/not recorded | 238 533 (98.4) | 238 138 (98.3) | |
| South Asian | 1796 (0.7) | 2317 (1.0) | |
| Black | 1156 (0.5) | 1060 (0.4) | |
| Other | 864 (0.4) | 834 (0.3) | |
|
| |||
| Socioeconomic status | <0.001 | ||
| 1 (least deprived) | 56 800 (23.4) | 53 034 (21.9) | |
| 2 | 61 647 (25.4) | 60 501 (25.0) | |
| 3 | 50 466 (20.8) | 50 709 (20.9) | |
| 4 | 42 221 (17.4) | 44 692 (18.4) | |
| 5 (most deprived) | 31 215 (12.9) | 33 413 (13.8) | |
|
| |||
| Smoking status | <0.001 | ||
| Non-smoker | 92 363 (38.1) | 80 721 (33.3) | |
| Ex-smoker | 107 737 (44.5) | 131 510 (54.3) | |
| Current smoker | 36 338 (15.0) | 29 243 (12.1) | |
| Missing | 5911 (2.4) | 875 (0.4) | |
|
| |||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | <0.001 | ||
| <18.5 | 6638 (2.7) | 4562 (1.9) | |
| 18.5–25 | 85 473 (35.3) | 70 102 (28.9) | |
| ≥25 | 80 458 (33.2) | 88 083 (36.4) | |
| ≥30 | 40 326 (16.6) | 63 183 (26.1) | |
| Missing | 29 454 (12.2) | 16 419 (6.8) | |
|
| |||
| Comorbidities | |||
| Asthma | 28 002 (11.6) | 31 271 (12.9) | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 15 448 (6.4) | 29 515 (12.2) | <0.001 |
| Cancer | 47 431 (19.6) | 54 450 (22.5) | <0.001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 14 996 (6.2) | 18 229 (7.5) | <0.001 |
| Coronary heart disease | 27 961 (11.5) | 54 049 (22.3) | <0.001 |
| Dementia | 8954 (3.7) | 7345 (3.0) | <0.001 |
| Depression | 38 490 (15.9) | 46 233 (19.1) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 24 372 (10.1) | 52 927 (21.8) | <0.001 |
| Epilepsy | 3972 (1.6) | 3682 (1.5) | 0.001 |
| Heart failure | 7581 (3.1) | 23 774 (9.8) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 128 828 (53.2) | 203 963 (84.2) | <0.001 |
| Hypothyroidism | 17 443 (7.2) | 29 318 (12.1) | <0.001 |
| Severe mental illness | 3522 (1.5) | 4890 (2.0) | <0.001 |
| Osteoporosis | 16 469 (6.8) | 16 610 (6.9) | 0.422 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 7481 (3.1) | 14 815 (6.1) | <0.001 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 4270 (1.8) | 6031 (2.5) | <0.001 |
| Stroke and transient ischaemic attack | 12 243 (5.1) | 19 982 (8.3) | <0.001 |
CKD = chronic kidney disease