Table 4.
Difference in the incidence rate of cause-specific hospitalisation and relative risk between matched patients with and without chronic kidney disease by age
| Causes hospitalisation | Patients aged ≥75 years (N= 140 836 matched pairs) | Patients aged<75 years (N= 101 513 matched pairs) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Incidence rate per 1000 person years | Fully adjusted HRa (95% CI) | Incidence rate per 1000 person-years (95% CI) | Fully adjusted HRa (95% CI) | |||||
| Patients with CKD | Patients without CKD | Rate difference | Patients with CKD | Patients without CKD | Rate difference | |||
| Heart failure | 13.0 (12.7 to 13.3) | 4.8 (4.6 to 5.0) | 8.2 (7.9 to 8.6) | 1.61 (1.52 to 1.70) | 6.0 (5.8 to 6.2) | 1.4 (1.3 to 1.5) | 4.6 (4.4 to 4.8) | 1.78 (1.61 to 1.98) |
| Urinary tract infection | 18.5 (18.2 to 18.9) | 12.8 (12.5 to 13.1) | 5.7 (5.2 to 6.2) | 1.27 (1.23 to 1.32) | 7.8 (7.6 to 8.0) | 3.5 (3.3 to 3.6) | 4.3 (4.0 to 4.6) | 1.71 (1.61 to 1.81) |
| Pneumonia | 17.4 (17.1 to 17.8) | 12.6 (12.2 to 12.9) | 4.9 (4.4 to 5.3) | 1.17 (1.13 to 1.22) | 7.2 (7.0 to 7.4) | 3.9 (3.8 to 4.1) | 3.3 (3.0 to 3.6) | 1.46 (1.36 to 1.57) |
| Acute kidney injury | 5.5 (5.3 to 5.7) | 1.2 (1.1 to 1.3) | 4.3 (4.1 to 4.5) | 4.27 (3.80 to 4.80) | 4.2 (4.0 to 4.4) | 0.5 (0.4 to 0.5) | 3.7 (3.5 to 3.9) | 6.64 (5.62 to 7.84) |
| Myocardial infarction | 8.8 (8.6 to 9.1) | 5.0 (4.8 to 5.2) | 3.9 (3.6 to 4.2) | 1.43 (1.35 to 1.50) | 4.8 (4.6 to 5.0) | 2.6 (2.4 to 2.7) | 2.2 (1.9 to 2.4) | 1.34 (1.24 to 1.44) |
| Cerebral infarction | 7.8 (7.6 to 8.1) | 5.3 (5.1 to 5.5) | 2.6 (2.3 to 2.9) | 1.22 (1.16 to 1.29) | 3.3 (3.2 to 3.5) | 1.8 (1.6 to 1.9) | 1.6 (1.4 to 1.8) | 1.42 (1.29 to 1.56) |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding | 6.3 (6.1 to 6.5) | 4.2 (4.0 to 4.4) | 2.1 (1.9 to 2.4) | 1.34 (1.27 to 1.42) | 3.7 (3.6 to 3.9) | 2.2 (2.1 to 2.3) | 1.5 (1.3 to 1.7) | 1.31 (1.21 to 1.42) |
| Hip fracture | 13.8 (13.5 to 14.1) | 12.3 (12.0 to 12.6) | 1.6 (1.1 to 2.0) | 1.07 (1.03 to 1.11) | 3.1 (2.9 to 3.2) | 2.1 (2.0 to 2.3) | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.1) | 1.31 (1.19 to 1.43) |
| Venous thromboembolism | 3.4 (3.2 to 3.5) | 2.4 (2.3 to 2.6) | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.2) | 1.48 (1.37 to 1.60) | 2.7 (2.6 to 2.8) | 1.5 (1.4 to 1.6) | 1.2 (1.0 to 1.4) | 1.65 (1.50 to 1.81) |
| Intracranial bleeding | 2.7 (2.5 to 2.8) | 2.2 (2.1 to 2.3) | 0.5 (0.3 to 0.7) | 1.06 (0.97 to 1.16) | 1.2 (1.1 to 1.3) | 0.8 (0.7 to 0.9) | 0.4 (0.3 to 0.5) | 1.19 (1.03 to 1.37) |
Fully adjusted hazard ratio (patients with versus without CKD) was estimated using Cox regression models, stratified by matched set to account for the matching on age, sex, general practice, and calendar time, and adjusted by ethnicity, socioeconomic and smoking status, body mass index, and comorbidities (asthma, atrial fibrillation, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, dementia, depression, diabetes mellitus, epilepsy, heart failure, hypertension, hypothyroidism, severe mental illness, osteoporosis, peripheral arterial disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and stroke and transient ischaemic attack). CKD = chronic kidney disease. HR = hazard ratio.