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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jul 25.
Published in final edited form as: Soc Sci Med. 2015 Dec 2;149:76–83. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.11.054

Table 3.

Logistic regression estimates of effects of depression during postpartum year and covariates on inadequate housing at 2–3 years (N = 2965).

Severely inadequate housing due to Lack of heat (“HUD inadequate housing)
Energy insecurity
Or CI P Or CI P
Depressed during postpartum year 1.57 [1.11,2.22] 0.01 1.69 [1.24,2.30] 0.00
Other maternal characteristics
Age, years 1.23 [1.03,1.48] 0.02 1.16 [1.02,1.32] 0.03
Non-Hispanic Black 1.13 [0.62,2.04] 0.69 1.27 [0.83,1.94] 0.27
Hispanic 0.96 [0.48,1.92] 0.91 1.25 [0.90,1.73] 0.18
Other non-white 1.85 [0.66,5.22] 0.24 2.09 [1.10,3.97] 0.02
Foreign born 1.32 [0.81,2.18] 0.27 0.95 [0.56,1.62] 0.86
High school graduate 0.91 [0.66,1.23] 0.53 0.95 [0.70,1.29] 0.74
Any college 0.81 [0.54,1.22] 0.31 0.95 [0.67,1.34] 0.75
Medicaid birth 0.95 [0.64,1.40] 0.78 1.03 [0.82,1.29] 0.78
Employed 1.12 [0.82,1.54] 0.48 1.13 [0.85,1.50] 0.38
Married 0.45 [0.29,0.69] 0.00 0.55 [0.42,0.71] 0.00
Cohabiting 0.71 [0.48,1.05] 0.09 0.85 [0.68,1.07] 0.17
Number of children 1.23 [1.13,1.35] 0.00 1.19 [1.07,1.32] 0.00
Prenatal diagnosed mental illness 1.35 [0.91,2.01] 0.13 1.04 [0.76,1.42] 0.80
Prenatal physical health condition 1.20 [0.85,1.69] 0.29 1.11 [0.86,1.45] 0.42
Prenatal illicit drug use 1.53 [1.01,2.32] 0.04 1.30 [0.86,1.95] 0.21
Child characteristics
Severe infant health condition 0.85 [0.33,2.19] 0.74 1.57 [0.82,2.99] 0.17
Male child 0.86 [0.64,1.17] 0.35 0.78 [0.58,1.05] 0.10
Multiple birth 0.43 [0.09,2.06] 0.29 0.85 [0.43,1.71] 0.65
Child’s age when outcome was measured, months 0.87 [0.79,0.95] 0.00 0.98 [0.92,1.04] 0.44
Paternal characteristics
Father higher education category than mother 0.74 [0.49,1.12] 0.16 0.88 [0.62,1.26] 0.49
Paternal depression (CES-D), score 0.96 [0.84,1.08] 0.47 0.98 [0.88,1.10] 0.78
Paternal suboptimal physical health 1.42 [0.93,2.18] 0.11 1.14 [0.81,1.60] 0.46
Father did not complete interview 0.80 [0.52,1.22] 0.30 0.95 [0.66,1.36] 0.76
Prenatal housing situation
Housing problems 0.78 [0.43,1.43] 0.42 1.05 [0.65,1.69] 0.86
Lived with adult (not including child’s father) 1.08 [0.81,1.45] 0.58 1.13 [0.92,1.39] 0.26
Maternal grandparents’ mental illness
Grandmother had history of depressive symptoms 1.54 [0.98,2.42] 0.06 1.72 [1.30,2.28] 0.00
Grandfather had history of depressive symptoms 1.40 [0.86,2.27] 0.17 1.64 [1.38,1.95] 0.00
Grandmother’s depressive symptoms missing 1.76 [1.03,3.01] 0.04 1.70 [1.24,2.33] 0.00
Grandfather’s depressive symptoms missing 1.20 [0.93,1.55] 0.17 1.21 [0.96,1.53] 0.10

Notes: OR = odds ratio. CI = 95% confidence interval. Models include a quadratic term for age plus indicators for the mother’s city of residence at baseline, with cities with fewer than 100 observations grouped together (estimates not shown). Other than child’s age (which is measured concurrently with the outcomes), all variables classified above as maternal, child, paternal, and prenatal housing characteristics are measured at or before the birth of the focal child. Marginal effects of depression during the postpartum year from alternative specifications using linear probability models were 0.04 for “HUD inadequate housing” and 0.08 for energy insecurity, compared to marginal effects from the logistic regressions shown here of 0.02 and 0.06, respectively (figures not shown).