Table 1.

(a) Composition and in vitro characterization of F1, F2 and the prepared PECSs and (b) ex vivo permeation parameters of F1, F2 and the prepared PECSs compared to Hal solution.

	Composition			In vitro measurements c
Formula a	Span® 60 (mg)	Tween® 80 (mg)	PE b	EE%	PS (nm)	PDI	ZP (mV)
(a)
F1	400	100	–	95.4 ± 1.7	240.9 ± 10.3	0.39 ± 0.03	−32.1 ± 1.7
F1L	400	100	Labrasol®	60.3 ± 3.0	439.5 ± 43.8	0.51 ± 0.12	−37.9 ± 1.0
F1T	400	100	Transcutol®	61.1 ± 3.9	563.6 ± 35.1	0.49 ± 0.17	−37.9 ± 2.1
F1G	400	100	Tetraglycol®	93.7 ± 2.2	471.3 ± 69.8	0.57 ± 0.18	−38.6 ± 0.8
F2	300	200	–	75.3 ± 9.9	189.3 ± 3.3	0.57 ± 0.10	−30.6 ± 1.5
F2L	300	200	Labrasol®	50.5 ± 3.5	195.7 ± 4.0	0.53 ± 0.07	−37.2 ± 1.0
F2T	300	200	Transcutol®	47.5 ± 1.1	299.6 ± 8.3	0.76 ± 0.08	−36.8 ± 1.2
F2G	300	200	Tetraglycol®	72.5 ± 2.5	363.2 ± 20.7	0.57 ± 0.01	−30.6 ± 2.2
		(Q) (μg/cm2) c			(J) (µg/cm2/h) c
Formula a		Q24	Q36	Q48	J24	J36	J48
(b)
F1		32.2 ± 9.6	78.2 ± 7.8	184.5 ± 42.7	1.5 ± 0.5	2.2 ± 0.4	3.6 ± 0.8
F1L		93.1 ± 14.8	148.1 ± 3.56	208.8 ± 4.5	4.4 ± 0.7	4.5 ± 0.0	4.6 ± 0.00
F1T		73.9 ± 6.9	120.5 ± 11.8	201.3 ± 13.3	3.5 ± 0.3	3.6 ± 0.3	4.2 ± 0.1
F1G		56.1 ± 13.9	107.3 ± 17.4	204.5 ± 20.8	3.5 ± 1.2	3.6 ± 0.6	4.2 ± 0.0
F2		60.6 ± 13.6	102.9 ± 9.0	158.1 ± 11.6	2.8 ± 0.6	3.1 ± 0.2	3.5 ± 0.2
F2L		86.3 ± 0.3	110.9 ± 23.2	236.4 ± 100.4	3.9 ± 0.1	3.4 ± 0.4	4.7 ± 1.6
F2T		72.6 ± 13.5	93.7 ± 20.8	209.8 ± 90.2	3.4 ± 0.6	3.0 ± 0.6	4.2 ± 1.6
F2G		59.1 ± 0.7	86.1 ± 1.6	147.7 ± 3.0	2.8 ± 0.0	2.7 ± 0.0	3.1 ± 0.1
Hal solution		2.7 ± 2.4	6.1 ± 0.5	16.6 ± 6.3	0.1 ± 0.1	0.2 ± 0.0	0.3 ± 0.0

PECSs: Penetration enhancer-containing spanlastics; PE: penetration enhancer; EE%: percentage entrapment efficiency; PS: particle size; PDI: polydispersity index; ZP: zeta potential.

^aAll formulae contained 2.5 mg Hal/ ml and total volume was 10 ml.

^bPE concentration was 1 % w/v.

^cAll values are reported as mean ± SD (n = 3).