Table 2.

Baseline Characteristics

Age, yrs	53 (48–57)
Male/female	9 (39.1%)/14 (60.9%)
Race, Caucasian/African American	10 (43.5%)/13 (56.5%)
Major comorbidities
Diabetes mellitus	16 (69.6%)
Coronary artery diseases	8 (34.8%)
Hypertension	21 (91.3%)
Dyslipidemia	14 (60.9%)
Obesity grading
Grade I obesity, BMI ≥30 and <35 kg/m2	1 (4.4%)
Grade II obesity, BMI ≥35 and <40 kg/m2	6 (26.1%)
Grade III or severe obesity, BMI ≥40 kg/m2	16 (69.6%)
Major dietary characteristics
Total daily energy, kcal	2,066 (1,897–2,642)
Fat, % of total energy	38.3 (29.7–45.6)
Monounsaturated fatty acids, % of total energy	13.8 (10.9–15.3)
Polyunsaturated fatty acids, % of total energy	8.6 (7.4–11.9)
Saturated fatty acids, % of total energy	12.7 (9.4–15.5)
Carbohydrates, % of total energy	47.7 (38.4–56.8)
Sugars, % of total energy	20.3 (14.4–29.8)
Protein, % of total energy	14.1 (12.7–16.1)
Sodium, mg	3,252 (2,578–3946)
Cholesterol, mg	248.1 (200.9–476.3)
Body mass and composition
BMI, kg/m2	42.4 (35.2–44.4)
Fat mass, kg	54.8 (49.7–59.6)
Fat mass index, kg/m2	18.8 (16.8–21.3)
Fat-free mass, kg	70.4 (61.0–83.4)
Fat-free mass index, kg/m2	24.0 (21.6–27.7)
Functional capacity
Exercise time, min	8.5 (7.5–9.8)
Respiratory exchange ratio	1.13 (1.04–1.17)
Peak oxygen consumption, ml · kg−1 · min−1	14.4 (11.8–18.5)
Oxygen uptake efficiency (slope)	2.2 (1.9–2.5)
Peak oxygen pulse, ml · min−1	14.8 (13.2–17.1)
Doppler echocardiographic parameters
Left ventricular ejection fraction, %	60.4 (57.1–63.0)
Stroke volume, ml	67.2 (57.9–75.6)
E′ velocity, cm/s	8.0 (6.2–8.4)
E/E′ ratio	12.1 (10.1–15.3)
E/A ratio	1.1 (1.0–1.3)
DT, ms	241.0 (195.8–278.1)
E′/DT ratio	0.33 (0.26–0.41)
Biomarkers
NT-proBNP, pg/ml	90 (47–242)
Estimated glomerular filtration rate, ml/min/1.73 m2	68 (52–85)

Values are median (interquartile range) or n (%).

BMI = body mass index; DT = deceleration time; NT-proBNP = N-terminal pro–brain natriuretic peptide.