Table 1.
Gradients Detected Across Atherosclerotic Plaques
| HUGO Designation | Molecule | Δ Concentration (NPX) | p(FDR) | Δ(%)/Sampling Length |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before balloon dilation | ||||
| OLR1 | Oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1) | 20.01 (−5.2 to 137.1) | <0.05 | 53.2 |
| EGF | Epidermal growth factor | 23.9 (−19.3 to 62.0) | <0.005 | 47.8 |
| IL-16 | Interleukin-16 | 2.8 (−3.2 to 30.0) | <0.05 | 39.0 |
| CD40LG | sCD40 ligand | 1.6 (−1.3 to 5.6) | <0.005 | 27.6 |
| CXCL1 | C-X-C motif chemokine 1 (Gro-a, GRO1, NAP-3, KC) | 12.3 (1.3 to 60.1) | <0.005 | 26.7 |
| TNFSF14 | Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 14 | 0.4 (−0.3 to 4.7) | <0.05 | 26.5 |
| CXCL5/6 | C-X-C motif chemokine 6 (GCP2) | 6.1 (0.6 to 23.1) | <0.005 | 24.7 |
| PDGFB | Platelet-derived growth factor subunit B | 12.9 (−4.0 to 41.6) | <0.005 | 24.5 |
| IL-8 | Interleukin-8 | 3.3 (−1.3 to 51.4) | <0.05 | 24.1 |
| IL1RN | Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein | 1.8 (0.2 to 7.0) | <0.005 | 15.5 |
| RETN | Resistin | 10.6 (−3.9 to 16.5) | <0.05 | 12.9 |
| DKK1 | Dickkopf-related protein 1 | 2.9 (0.2 to 12.0) | <0.005 | 10.5 |
| PLAUR | Urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor | 20.9 (−7.0 to 106.1) | <0.05 | 6.9 |
| CCL4 | C-C motif chemokine-4 (MIP-1β) | 4.5 (−1.3 to 10.9) | <0.05 | 6.4 |
| HBEGF | Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor | 2.6 (−1.2 to 0.1) | <0.05 | 5.4 |
| After balloon dilation | ||||
| HSPB1 | Heat shock 27-kDa protein | 1.1 (−4.5 to 54.2) | <0.05 | 26.11 |
| EGF | Epidermal growth factor | 10.1 (−35.2 to 67.4) | <0.05 | 21.05 |
| PDGFB | Platelet-derived growth factor subunit B | 8.6 (−35.6 to 81.0) | <0.05 | 18.26 |
| CXCL5/6 | C-X-C motif chemokine 6 (GCP2) | 3.2 (−7.3 to 39.2) | <0.05 | 16.59 |
| MMP-12 | Matrix metalloproteinase-12 | 8.7 (−20.3 to 153.2) | <0.05 | 14.48 |
| IL-8 | Interleukin-8 | 1.8 (−6.1 to 14.6) | <0.05 | 10.19 |
| DKK1 | Dickkopf-related protein 1 | 2.8 (−9.4 to 11.2) | <0.05 | 8.60 |
| CCL2 | Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) | 14.9 (−88.5 to 119.9) | <0.05 | 6.39 |
| HBEGF | Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor | 2.5 (−12.7 to 10.3) | <0.05 | 4.44 |
Blood sampling across coronary plaques was achieved using the Liquid Biopsy System before balloon dilation and after balloon dilation. Proximal and distal measurements of the biomolecules, identified by their HUGO designations, were used to calculate the change in concentration across plaques, which are shown as median values (range), measured by proximity extension assay multiplex assays and expressed in ΔNPX units. The significance of gradients is indicated by p(FDR) values. To aid comparison between different analytes, NPX values were further used to calculate the median percentage change in concentration across the sampling distance.
p(FDR) = false discovery rate p values; HUGO = Human Genome Organization; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; NPX = normalized protein expression.