Table 3.
Illustration of antiviral activities of Ganoderma sp. parts, products and compounds.
| Ganodermasp. | Tested Viral strains | Extraction Solvent | Parts/products/compounds | Method | IC50 (≤50µM)/EC50/ED50 value | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| G. sinense | HIV 1(HIV-1 protease) | CHCl3 | Ganoderic acid GS-2(48), 20-hydroxylucidenic acid N(74), 20(21)-dehydrolucidenic acid N(39) & ganoderiol F(22) | In vitro (Enzymatic) | 20 – 40µM | (Sato et al. 2009) |
| G. colossum | HIV 1(HIV-1 protease) | CHCl3 | Colossolactone V(10), Colossolactone VII(8), Colossolactone VIII(7), Schisanlactone A(33), Colossolactone G(5), Colossolactone A(9) | In vitro (Enzymatic) | 5-39μg/mL | (El Dine et al. 2008) |
| G. colossum | HIV 1(HIV-1 protease) | CHCl3 | Ganomycin I(29) &Ganomycin B(28) | In vitro (Enzymatic) | 7.5 and 1.0 μg/mL | (El Dine et al. 2009) |
| G.lucidium | HIV 1(HIV-1 protease) | MeOH | Ganoderiol F(21) &Ganodermanontriol(23) | In vitro (Enzymatic) | 7.8μg/mL | (El-Mekkawy et al. 1998) |
| G. lucidum | Herpes Simplex Virus types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2), Influenza A virus (Flu A) and Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) Indiana and New Jersey strains | H2O &MeOH | Carpophores | Cytopathic Effect (CPE) Inhibition Assay & Plaque Reduction Assay | 68-1790μg/mL-EC50 | (Eo et al. 2000) |
| G. lucidum | HSV-1 and HSV-2 | H2O/EtOH | Acidic protein bound polysaccharide |
Plaque Reduction Assay | (Eo et al. 2000) | |
| G. lucidum | Oral Human Papillomavirus (HPV) | NG | Fruiting bodies | In vivo (Human) | 87% clearance of virus | (Donatini 2014) |
| G. lucidum | Newcastle Disease Virus(anti-neuraminidase) | MeOH, EtOAc & Butanol | In vitro | Virus dilution ratio(1:16, 1:16, 1:32) | (Shamaki et al. 2014) | |
| G. lucidum | Epstein-Barr Virus |
MeOH | Fruiting bodies* | In vitro | 96–100% at 1 103 mol ratio/TPA | (Iwatsuki et al. 2003) |
| G. lucidum | Hepatitis B virus | NG | mycelia | In vitro (HepG2 cells) | IRA(HBsAg, HBeAg) up to 100% | (Y. Li et al. 2006) |
| G. lucidum | Hepatitis B | H2Oand CHCl3 | mycelia(Ganoderic acid) | In vitro (HepG2215) | Inhibition of production of HBV surface antigen and HBVe at 8μg/mL | (Y.-Q. Li & Wang 2006) |
| G. pfeifferi | Influenza virus type A and HSV type 1 | NG | Ganodermadiol(20), lucidadiol (30) & applanoxidic acid G(4) | Dye Uptake Assay | Influenza ED50(0.19–0.22mmol/l); HSV 1(0.068 mmol/l for ganodermadiol) | (MothanaRa et al. 2003) |
| G. pfeifferi | HSV type 1 | CH2Cl2 | Ganoderone A(25), Lucialdehyde B(31), Ergosta-7,22-dien-3α-ol(14), Ganoderol A(21) & Ganoderol B(51) | In vitro (Vero cells) | 0.03–0.75μg/mL(IC50) | (Niedermeyer et al. 2005) |
| G. pfeifferi | Influenza virus type A | CH2Cl2 | Ganoderone C(26), Lucialdehyde B(31) & Ergosta-7,22-dien-3α-ol(14) | In vitro (MDCK cells)) | 0.78–2.6μg/mL(IC50) | (Niedermeyer et al. 2005) |
| G. lucidum | Enterovirus 71 | NG | Lanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-3- one,15;26-dihydroxy (GLTA)(40), Ganoderic acid Y(19) |
In vitro (Human Rhabdomyosarcoma) | 0.16 to 4 μg/ml(IC50) | (W. Zhang et al. 2014) |
MeOH: Methanol; EtOH Ethanol; H2O: water; NG: Data Not Given; IC50: half-maximal Inhibitory Concentration; EC50: half-maximal Effective Concentration; ED50: median effective dose; μM: Micro Mole; mg/m: -Milligram/Millilitre; μg/ml: Microgram/millilitre; *(Lucidenic acid P(58), Methyl lucidenate P(59), Methyl lucidenate Q(60), Lucidenic acid A(61), Methyl lucidenate A(62), Lucidenic acid C(63), Lucidenic acid D2(64), Methyl lucidenate D2(65), Lucidenic acid E2(66), Methyl lucidenate E2(67), Methyl lucidenate F(68), Methyl lucidenate L(69), Ganoderic acid E(54), Ganoderic acid F(57), Methyl ganoderate F(56), Ganoderic acid T-Q(54)).