Sex steroid and gonadotropin hormone concentrations by menopausal stage. Serum estradiol (F3,129 = 13.34, P < 0.001) and progesterone (F3,129 = 15.85, P < 0.001) levels declined while FSH (F2,68 = 35.03, P < 0.001) levels rose as a function of advancing reproductive age in women. Testosterone levels were substantially higher in men, as expected (F3,127 = 85.84, P < 0.001). Error bars represent ±1 SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.