Table 2.
IFNs in adolescence
| a. DMN (age as covariate) | ||
|---|---|---|
| PCC—connected nodes | t | k |
| L.+R. PCC/MCC, precuneus, calcarine, medial occipital, L. cerebellum, L.+R. thalamus, L. hippocampus, amygdala | 46.57 | 10 609 |
| L.+R. medial prefrontal, ACC, L. superior frontal | 12.90 | 4682 |
| L. lateral parietal | 16.17 | 848 |
| R. hippocampus, amygdala | 10.20 | 597 |
| L. lateral temporal, temporal pole | 8.36 | 575 |
| L.+R. inferior cerebellum, vermis | 10.71 | 475 |
| R. lateral temporal | 8.17 | 271 |
| R. lateral parietal | 9.00 | 242 |
| R. superior frontal | 7.85 | 113 |
| Sex | ||
| Girls > boys | ||
| L.+R. PCC, precuneus | 5.70 | 589 |
| R. midbrain, hippocampus | 5.16 | 567 |
| L.+R. MCC, post- and precentral | 4.71 | 377 |
| Age correlation (boys and girls) | ||
| Negative correlation | ||
| L. hippocampus, amygdala | 3.99 | 411 |
| R. hippocampus, amygdala | 4.29 | 301 |
| Boys: negative correlation | ||
| L. hippocampus, amygdala | 4.49 | 425 |
| AUH: Matched groups | ||
| No suprathreshold cluster |
| b. ECN (age as co-variate) | ||
|---|---|---|
| SFG—connected nodes | t | k |
| L.+R. Lateral and medial frontal and prefrontal, ACC | 16.00 | 12 780 |
| L.+R. middle and PCC, precuneus | 10.13 | 1895 |
| L. lateral superior, middle, and inferior temporal | 8.74 | 1339 |
| L. lateral inferior parietal, supramarginal gyrus, TPO junction | 12.82 | 922 |
| R. superior and inferior cerebellum | 9.07 | 918 |
| R. lateral superior, middle, and inferior temporal | 7.78 | 848 |
| L. superior and inferior cerebellum | 11.20 | 721 |
| R. lateral inferior parietal lobe | 9.43 | 378 |
| Sex | ||
| Girls > boys | ||
| L.+R. medial prefrontal, ACC, superior frontal | 4.65 | 1342 |
| Age correlation (boys and girls) | ||
| Positive correlation | ||
| R. insula, inf. lateral frontal, hippocampus, amygdala, striatum, thalamus | 5.01 | 2932 |
| L. hippocampus, amygdala, striatum, parietal, occipital, posterior precuneus | 4.77 | 965 |
| R. inferior parietal lobe, superior occipital | 4.26 | 401 |
| L insula, inf. lateral frontal, sup. temporal | 3.92 | 300 |
| Boys: positive age correlation | ||
| R. insula, inf. lateral frontal, hippocampus, amygdala, striatum, thalamus | 5.16 | 2232 |
| L. thalamus, caudate tail | 4.18 | 575 |
| L. striatum (caudate head, putamen), inferior lateral frontal | 4.44 | 544 |
| AUH: Matched groups | ||
| No suprathreshold cluster |
| c. SAN (age as co-variate) | ||
|---|---|---|
| ACC—connected nodes | t | k |
| L.+R. ACC, medial prefrontal, inferior frontal triangular, anterior insula, striatum, thalamus, globus pallidus | 29.30 | 11 203 |
| L.+R. middle and PCC, anterior, middle, and posterior precuneus | 12.50 | 1791 |
| Sex | ||
| Boys > girls | ||
| R. superior temporal, temporal pole, inferior frontal, orbitofrontal | 5.63 | 1108 |
| L. angular, supramarginal | 4.56 | 602 |
| L. superior temporal, temporal pole, inferior frontal, orbitofrontal, insula | 4.56 | 503 |
| Girls > boys | ||
| L.+R. ACC | 5.64 | 1276 |
| c. SAN | ||
| Age correlation (boys and girls) | ||
| No suprathreshold cluster | ||
| Boys: negative correlation | ||
| R. extrastriate cortex: inferior occipital (lingual gyrus) | 4.70 | 558 |
| Girls: positive correlation | ||
| R. prefrontal cortex | 4.56 | 350 |
| Boys > Girls | ||
| R. extrastriate cortex: inferior occipital (lingual gyrus) | 5.03 | 714 |
| L. extrastriate cortex: inferior occipital (lingual gyrus) | 4.26 | 295 |
| AUH: Matched groups | ||
| No suprathreshold cluster |
| d. EMN (age as covariate) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Amygdala—connected nodes | t | k |
| L.+R. lateral superior, middle, and inferior temporal, parahippocampus, hippocampus, insula, striatum, globus pallidus, thalamus, midbrain, cerebellum | 36.67 | 14 380 |
| L. lateral frontal, insula | 7.03 | 235 |
| L.+R. medial prefrontal | 6.88 | 144 |
| L.+R. PCC, posterior precuneus | 6.81 | 144 |
| Sex | ||
| Girls > boys | ||
| L.+R. posterior and middle precuneus, PCC | 5.28 | 1489 |
| R. inferior and superior parietal lobe | 4.50 | 605 |
| L. supramarginal gyrus, temporo-parietal junction | 4.40 | 405 |
| Age correlation (boys and girls) | ||
| Negative correlation | ||
| L.+R. superior and inferior cerebellum, vermis, hippocampus, parahippocampus | 4.95 | 1608 |
| Boys:negative correlation | ||
| L.+R. superior and inferior cerebellum, vermis | 3.70 | 501 |
| AUH: Matched groups | ||
| No/low > exceeds-criteria | ||
| L+R anterior and posterior precuneus, PCC, middle cingulate cortex | 4.24 | 366 |
| e. RWN (age as covariate) | ||
|---|---|---|
| NAcc—connected nodes | ||
| L.+R. striatum (caudate, putamen), globus pallidus, anterior insula | 46.23 | 11 153 |
| L.+R. amygdala, hippocampus, midbrain | ||
| L.+R. subgenual cortex, orbitofrontal, rectus, ACC, medial prefrontal | ||
| Sex | ||
| Girls > boys | ||
| L.+R. NAcc, septum | 5.76 | 925 |
| Age correlation (boys and girls) | ||
| No suprathreshold cluster | ||
| AUH: Matched groups | ||
| No suprathreshold cluster | ||
Seed-to-voxel connectivity: ANCOVA with sex (boys, girls) and age (continuous variable modeled for boys and girls) in “no/low criteria” adolescents (n = 581). Effect of AUH for matched groups (n = 234): comparing n = 117 “exceeds-criteria” and n = 117 “no/low criteria” adolescents. The p-threshold for the whole brain network connectivity (age as covariate) was set at a peak t-value = 6.00 (FWE-corrected) and a cluster p-threshold = 0.05 FWE-corrected for multiple comparisons. For group, sex, and age effects, the threshold was set at a peakP value = 0.001 (t = 3.1) and cluster size FWE-corrected for multiple comparisons requiring k = 350 voxels for sex, k = 293 voxels for age, and k = 291 voxels AUH effects (AFNI 3dclustSim; https://afni.nimh.nih.gov/pub/dist/doc/program_help/3dClustSim.html).