Table 2.

Individual, manager and country contextual characteristics associated with greater absenteeism among individuals with depression* (multivariable linear regression, n=2715)†

	Unadjusted GEE parameter estimates (95% CI)	P values	Adjusted GEE parameter estimates (95% CI)	P values
Individual characteristics
Gender
Male	0.47 (−1.96 to 2.89)	0.71	0.87 (−0.49 to 2.23)	0.21
Female	Reference		Reference
Age
45–64	−3.64 (−5.93 to −1.35)	0.002	−1.16 (−3.29 to 0.96)	0.28
25–44	−8.70 (−14.09 to −3.31)	0.002	−3.88 (−8.58 to 0.81)	0.11
16–24	Reference		Reference
Education
High	3.43 (2.05 to 4.83)	<0.0001	2.29 (0.97 to 3.60)	0.0007
Medium	2.56 (1.30 to 3.82)	<0.0001	1.09 (−1.01 to 3.19)	0.31
Low	Reference		Reference
Working in a larger company	−0.93 (−1.41 to −0.45)	<0.0001	−0.82 (−1.54 to −0.09)	0.03
Country contextual characteristics
Offered help	−1.28 (−2.92 to 0.13)	0.05	−1.06 (−2.39 to 0.27)	0.12
Avoided talking about it	7.27 (1.06 to 13.92)	<0.0001	4.13 (1.68 to 6.57)	0.0009
Country GDP‡	2.59 (1.87 to 3.30)	<0.0001	2.97 (−0.48 to 6.42)	0.09

*Unemployment rates were taken from the International Labour Organization http://www.ilo.org/global/research/global-reports/global-employment-trends/2014/WCMS_233936/lang–en/index.htm.

†Model controlled for country dummy variables.

‡GDP taken from the World Bank: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD.

GEE, generalised estimating equation.