Table 3.

Individual, manager and country contextual characteristics associated with greater presenteeism among individuals with depression* (multivariable linear regression, n=2715)†

	Unadjusted GEE parameter estimates (95% CI)	P values	Adjusted GEE parameter estimates (95% CI)	P values
Individual characteristics
Gender
Male	5.38 (0.17 to 10.59)	0.04	3.79 (2.54 to 5.03)	<0.0001
Female	Reference		Reference
Age
45–64	5.19 (2.97 to 7.41)	0.02	4.53 (3.42 to 5.64)	<0.0001
25–44	0.91 (−1.36 to 2.54)	0.74	−1.14 (−2.46 to 0.17)	0.09
16–24	Reference		Reference
Education
High	0.79 (−0.95 to 1.88)	0.55	0.05 (−1.07 to 1.17)	0.93
Medium	1.82 (0.70 to 2.95)	<0.001	1.22 (0.22 to 1.69)	<0.001
Low	Reference		Reference
Working in a larger company	0.29 (−0.35 to 1.22)	0.43	−0.37 (−1.19 to 0.46)	0.39
Country contextual characteristics
Offered help	7.82 (5.46 to 11.12)	<0.001	7.08 (6.59 to 7.58)	<0.001
Avoided talking about it	0.41 (−1.97 to 2.78)	0.63	0.52 (−0.59 to 1.63)	0.36
Country GDP (standardised)‡	2.55 (0.55 to 4.55)	0.01	3.09 (2.31 to 3.88)	<0.001

*Unemployment rates were taken from the International Labour Organization http://www.ilo.org/global/research/global-reports/global-employment-trends/2014/WCMS_233936/lang–en/index.htm.

†Model controlled for country dummy variables.

‡GDP taken from the World Bank: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD.

GEE, generalised estimating equation.