Table 2.
Association of overweight and obesity with sociodemographic characteristics by place of residence, BDHS 1999–2014
| Urban | Rural | |||||||
| Overweight vs healthy | Obese vs healthy | Overweight vs healthy | Obese vs healthy | |||||
| RR (95% CI) | P values | RR (95% CI) | P values | RR (95% CI) | P values | RR (95% CI) | P values | |
| Age group | ||||||||
| 15–24 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| 25–34 | 2.39 (2.11 to 2.70) | 0.000 | 4.04 (3.34 to 4.87) | 0.00 | 2.09 (1.9 to 2.31) | 0.000 | 3.23 (2.67 to 3.91) | 0.000 |
| 35–44 | 3.14 (2.74 to 3.59) | 0.000 | 6.77 (5.56 to 8.24) | 0.00 | 2.45 (2.2 to 2.73) | 0.000 | 4.06 (3.30 to 4.99) | 0.000 |
| 45+ | 2.59 (2.15 to 3.12) | 0.000 | 6.22 (4.88 to 7.92) | 0.00 | 2.47 (2.14 to 2.86) | 0.000 | 3.69 (2.87 to 4.74) | 0.000 |
| Educational level | ||||||||
| No education | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Primary | 1.22 (1.06 to 1.41) | 0.006 | 1.25 (1.01 to 1.54) | 0.03 | 1.11 (1.01 to 1.23) | 0.023 | 1.22 (1.02 to 1.46) | 0.026 |
| Secondary | 1.41 (1.20 to 1.65) | 0.000 | 1.61 (1.29 to 2.02) | 0.00 | 1.15 (1.03 to 1.30) | 0.014 | 1.27 (1.04 to 1.55) | 0.019 |
| Higher | 1.61 (1.30 to 1.99) | 0.000 | 1.42 (1.07 to 1.90) | 0.02 | 1.12 (0.92 to 1.36) | 0.238 | 0.92 (0.67 to 1.27) | 0.649 |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Not married | Ref | |||||||
| Married | 1.27 (1.04 to 1.56) | 0.018 | 1.41 (1.07 to 1.86) | 0.01 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Wealth index | ||||||||
| Poorest | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Poorer | 1.15 (0.87 to 1.52) | 0.317 | 0.99 (0.58 to 1.70) | 0.99 | 1.32 (1.17 to 1.49) | 0.000 | 1.45 (1.11 to 1.90) | 0.006 |
| Middle | 1.65 (1.29 to 2.11) | 0.000 | 1.63 (1.02 to 2.61) | 0.04 | 1.65 (1.46 to 1.87) | 0.000 | 2.30 (1.78 to 2.97) | 0.000 |
| Richer | 1.88 (1.49 to 2.37) | 0.000 | 2.55 (1.64 to 3.96) | 0.00 | 2.46 (2.16 to 2.8) | 0.000 | 3.94 (3.05 to 5.10) | 0.000 |
| Richest | 2.83 (2.24 to 3.57) | 0.000 | 5.58 (3.6 to 8.63) | 0.00 | 3.38 (2.9 to 3.94) | 0.000 | 7.88 (5.93 to 10.46) | 0.000 |
| Watch television (once a week) | ||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Yes | 1.28 (1.13 to 1.45) | 0.000 | 1.72 (1.43 to 2.07) | 0.00 | 1.25 (1.15 to 1.35) | 0.000 | 1.4 (1.22 to 1.62) | 0.000 |
| Currently working | ||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Yes | 0.79 (0.71 to 0.89) | 0.000 | 0.54 (0.46 to 0.64) | 0.00 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Number of household member | ||||||||
| 1–2 | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| 3–4 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.86 (0.72 to 1.02) | 0.093 | 0.86 (0.64 to 1.16) | 0.353 |
| >5 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.71 (0.60 to 0.84) | 0.000 | 0.61 (0.45 to 0.81) | 0.001 |
| Contraceptive use | ||||||||
| Not using | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||
| Pills | 0.96 (0.85 to 1.09) | 0.605 | 0.79 (0.67 to 0.94) | 0.01 | 1.06 (0.98 to 1.16) | 0.130 | 0.83 (0.70 to 0.97) | 0.022 |
| Other | 1.07 (0.95 to 1.20) | 0.237 | 1.04 (0.9 to 1.20) | 0.55 | 1.08 (0.99 to 1.18) | 0.053 | 0.94 (0.82 to 1.09) | 0.459 |
| Husband’s education | ||||||||
| No education | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Primary | 1.11 (0.95 to 1.29) | 0.164 | 1.12 (0.89 to 1.4) | 0.32 | 1.07 (0.97 to 1.18) | 0.132 | 1.22 (1.01 to 1.47) | 0.037 |
| Secondary | 1.18 (1.01 to 1.37) | 0.031 | 1.32 (1.05 to 1.65) | 0.02 | 1.2 (1.08 to 1.34) | 0.001 | 1.51 (1.25 to 1.82) | 0.000 |
| Higher | 1.55 (1.28 to 1.88) | 0.000 | 1.94 (1.49 to 2.52) | 0.00 | 1.46 (1.25 to 1.69) | 0.000 | 1.98 (1.55 to 2.53) | 0.000 |
| Survey year | ||||||||
| 2004 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| 2007 | 1.23 (1.07 to 1.42) | 0.003 | 1.35 (1.11 to 1.64) | 0.00 | 1.19 (1.06 to 1.35) | 0.004 | 1.49 (1.15 to 1.93) | 0.002 |
| 2011 | 1.43 (1.26 to 1.63) | 0.000 | 1.68 (1.40 to 2.00) | 0.00 | 1.71 (1.54 to 1.90) | 0.000 | 2.50 (2.00 to 3.13) | 0.000 |
| 2014 | 2.07 (1.81 to 2.37) | 0.000 | 3.23 (2.71 to 3.86) | 0.00 | 2.60 (2.33 to 2.89) | 0.000 | 4.47 (3.59 to 5.57) | 0.000 |
BDHS, Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey; NA, not available; ref, reference; RR, risk ratio.