Figure 3.

Hsp70 modulation immune responses signaling pathways following brain injury. There are multiple sites where Hsp70 has been shown to play roles in modulating the inflammatory response. Many extracellular functions of Hsp70 appear to potentiate immune responses, whereas intracellular mechanisms of Hsp70 appear to be anti-inflammatory. MMPs = matrix metalloproteinase; TLR = toll-like receptors; iNOS = inducible nitric oxide synthase; NF-kB = nuclear factor kappaB, IkB = inhibitor of kappaB, IKK = ikappaB kinase, MAPK = mitogen-activated protein kinase.