Fig. 1.
Diagram shows pathophysiologic mechanisms by which obstructive sleep apnea affects cardiovascular function and heart failure. Modified with permission from Mann DL. Heart failure: a companion to Braunwald's heart disease. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2011. p. 484.21
BP = blood pressure; HF = heart failure; HR = heart rate; LV = left ventricular; LVH = left ventricular hypertrophy; PNA = parasympathetic nervous system activity; RV = right ventricular; RVH = right ventricular hypertrophy; SNA = sympathetic nervous system activity; SV = stroke volume; VR = venous return