Associations (Odds ratio, 95% Confidence Interval) between demographic, psychosocial and neighborhood factors, and coping with discrimination subscales, Jackson Heart Study (Exam 1, 2000–2004) a,b
| Active coping with discrimination | Passive coping with discrimination | |||||||
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| Model 1 b | Model 2 |
Model 3 |
Model 4 |
Model 1 b |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
Model 4 |
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| Age (per 10 years) | −0.04 (0.02) | −0.01 (0.02) | −0.05 (0.02) | −0.02 (0.02) | −0.00 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.04) | −0.01 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.04) |
| Male | 0.10 (0.04) | 0.13 (0.05) | 0.10 (0.04) | 0.12 (0.05) | −0.11 (0.06) | −0.21 (0.08) | −0.11 (0.06) | −0.22 (0.08) |
| Married | −0.05 (0.04) | −0.13 (0.06) | −0.05 (0.04) | −0.13 (0.06) | 0.24 (0.07) | 0.28 (0.09) | 0.24 (0.07) | 0.27 (0.08) |
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| Socioeconomic factors | ||||||||
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| Income (per $10,000) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.01) | −0.04 (0.01) | −0.05 (0.02) | −0.03 (0.01) | −0.04 (0.02) |
| Education level d | ||||||||
| HS degree | 0.30 (0.06) | 0.06 (0.08) | 0.30 (0.06) | 0.07 (0.08) | 0.02 (0.09) | −0.00 (0.13) | 0.02 (0.09) | −0.00 (0.13) |
| College and higher | 0.47 (0.06) | 0.08 (0.09) | 0.47 (0.06) | 0.09 (0.09) | −0.20 (0.10) * | −0.30 (0.14) | −0.20 (0.10) * | −0.27 (0.14) * |
| Wealth | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.05 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.05 (0.02) | −0.01 (0.02) | −0.05 (0.03) | −0.01 (0.02) | −0.05 (0.03) |
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| Psychosocial Factors | ||||||||
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| Depressive symptoms (per 10 unit change) | −0.08 (0.03) | −0.08 (0.03) | 0.13 (0.05) | 0.13 (0.05) | ||||
| Global stress | 0.13 (0.05) | 0.13 (0.05) | −0.20 (0.08) | −0.21 (0.08) | ||||
| Everyday discrimination | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.04) | −0.00 (0.05) | ||||
| Lifetime discrimination | 0.16 (0.01) | 0.16 (0.01) | 0.21 (0.02) | 0.21 (0.02) | ||||
| Optimism | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.05 (0.05) | −0.36 (0.08) | −0.34 (0.08) | ||||
| Spirituality | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | ||||
| Interpersonal support | 0.08 (0.06) | 0.08 (0.06) | −0.18 (0.10) | −0.19 (0.09) | ||||
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| Neighborhood factors d | ||||||||
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| Economic disadvantage | −0.02 (0.04) | −0.03 (0.05) | −0.02 (0.06) | 0.03 (0.07) | ||||
| Social cohesion | −0.29 (0.31) | 0.11 (0.41) | 0.10 (0.49) | 0.47 (0.64) | ||||
| Violence | −0.09 (0.37) | 0.71 (0.49) | 0.50 (0.59) | 1.05 (0.77) | ||||
a
Neighborhood factors were assessed between Exams 1 and 2 (2004–2008)
b
Model 1 adjusts for age, gender and marital status; Models 2, 3 also adjusted for socioeconomic factors; Model 4 is fully adjusted
c
Reference group is less than high school education
d
Between-neighborhood variance was equal to zero in mixed models so results from the individual-level model are presented; models include unconditional Empirical Bayes’ estimate for neighborhood social cohesion and neighborhood violence
Bolded coefficients are significant at p<0.05;
*
p=0.05