Table 3.
Mean differences in scores (standard errors) for the association of demographic, psychosocial and neighborhood factors with engagement coping subscales, Jackson Heart Study (Exam 1, 2000–2004) a
| Problem focused engagement | Emotion focused engagement | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Model 1 b | Model 2 | Model 1 b | Model 2 | |
| Age | 0.02 (0.00) | 0.02 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.01) |
| Male | 0.40 (0.09) | 0.55 (0.11) | −0.94 (0.10) | −0.88 (0.13) |
| Married |
−0.19 (0.10) | −0.21 (0.11) | −0.15 (0.11) | −0.05 (0.13) |
|
| ||||
| Socioeconomic factors | ||||
|
| ||||
| Income (per $10,000) | 0.09 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.05 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.00) |
| Education level c | ||||
| HS degree | −0.23 (0.14) | −0.31 (0.17) | −0.54 (0.15) | −0.69 (0.20) |
| College and higher | 0.30 (0.15) | 0.01 (0.18) | −0.25 (0.17) | −0.57 (0.21) |
| Wealth | 0.12 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.04) | 0.07 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.05) |
|
| ||||
| Psychosocial factors | ||||
|
| ||||
| Depressive symptoms (per 10 unit change) | −0.36 (0.07) | 0.01 (0.08) | ||
| Global stress | 0.01 (0.10) | 0.03 (0.13) | ||
| Everyday discrimination | −0.03 (0.06) | 0.06 (0.07) | ||
| Lifetime discrimination | 0.02 (0.02) | −0.00 (0.02) | ||
| Optimism | 0.46 (0.10) | −0.00 (0.12) | ||
| Spirituality | 0.11 (0.01) | 0.07 (0.01) | ||
| Interpersonal support | 1.49 (0.13) | 2.22 (0.15) | ||
|
| ||||
| Neighborhood factors d | ||||
|
| ||||
| Economic disadvantage | −0.08 (0.09) | −0.06 (0.11) | ||
| Social cohesion | 0.11 (0.81) | −0.48 (0.97) | ||
| Violence | 0.03 (0.97) | −0.40 (1.17) | ||
a
Neighborhood factors were assessed between Exams 1 and 2 (2004–2008)
b
Model 1 adjusts for age, gender and marital status; Model 2 is also adjusted for psychosocial and neighborhood factors
c
Reference group is less than high school education
d
Between-neighborhood variance was equal to zero in mixed models so results from the individual-level model are presented; models include unconditional Empirical Bayes’ estimate for neighborhood social cohesion and neighborhood violence
Bolded coefficients are significant at p<0.05