Table 5.
Associations (Odds ratio, 95% Confidence Interval) between demographic, psychosocial and neighborhood factors, and coping with discrimination subscales, Jackson Heart Study (Exam 1, 2000–2004) a
| Active coping with discrimination |
Passive coping with discrimination |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Model 1 b | Model 2 | Model 1 b | Model 2 | |
| Age (per 10 years) | −0.04 (0.02) | −0.02 (0.02) | −0.00 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.04) |
| Male | 0.10 (0.04) | 0.12 (0.05) | −0.11 (0.06) | −0.22 (0.08) |
| Married | −0.05 (0.04) | −0.13 (0.06) | 0.24 (0.07) | 0.27 (0.08) |
|
| ||||
| Socioeconomic factors | ||||
|
| ||||
| Income (per $10,000) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.01) | −0.04 (0.01) | −0.04 (0.02) |
| Education level c | ||||
| HS degree | 0.30 (0.06) | 0.07 (0.08) | 0.02 (0.09) | −0.00 (0.13) |
| College and higher | 0.47 (0.06) | 0.09 (0.09) | −0.20 (0.10) * | −0.27 (0.14) * |
| Wealth | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.05 (0.02) | −0.01 (0.02) | −0.05 (0.03) |
|
| ||||
| Psychosocial Factors | ||||
|
| ||||
| Depressive symptoms (per 10 unit change) | −0.08 (0.03) | 0.13 (0.05) | ||
| Global stress | 0.13 (0.05) | −0.21 (0.08) | ||
| Everyday discrimination | 0.03 (0.02) | −0.00 (0.05) | ||
| Lifetime discrimination | 0.16 (0.01) | 0.21 (0.02) | ||
| Optimism | 0.05 (0.05) | −0.34 (0.08) | ||
| Spirituality | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | ||
| Interpersonal support | 0.08 (0.06) | −0.19 (0.09) | ||
|
| ||||
| Neighborhood factors d | ||||
|
| ||||
| Economic disadvantage | −0.03 (0.05) | 0.03 (0.07) | ||
| Social cohesion | 0.11 (0.41) | 0.47 (0.64) | ||
| Violence | 0.71 (0.49) | 1.05 (0.77) | ||
a
Neighborhood factors were assessed between Exams 1 and 2 (2004–2008)
b
Model 1 adjusts for age, gender and marital status; Model 2 is also adjusted for psychosocial and neighborhood factors
c
Reference group is less than high school education
d
Between-neighborhood variance was equal to zero in mixed models so results from the individual-level model are presented; models include unconditional Empirical Bayes’ estimate for neighborhood social cohesion and neighborhood violence
Bolded coefficients are significant at p<0.05;
*
p=0.05