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. 2018 Jul 25;8:11207. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-29670-6

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The association between the activation in the anterior insula (AI, independent variable, when choosing between a stock and a bond) and active stock trading (dependent variable) is mediated through risk tolerance and risk optimism (mediator variable, see Supplementary Table S10). The Sobel-Goodman (SG) Mediation test was used with subsequent bootstrapping of the effect (all n = 157, seed set at 10, 10,000 repetitions). Observed coefficients are shown with 95% (bias-corrected and accelerated) confidence intervals in parentheses. An effect is considered significant if the confidence interval does not include the null hypothesis (i.e. zero is not included) and is visualized in bold. (a) Mediation of left AI activation and active stock trading through risk tolerance (at least 17.7%). (b) Mediation of left AI activation and active stock trading through risk optimism (at least 22.9%). (c) Mediation of right AI activation and active stock trading through risk tolerance (at least 25.0%).