Table 2.
Mixed-effects linear regression modelling results with maximum-likelihood population effects based on least-cost and resistance-distances.
| Distance (model) | Variable | AIC | BIC | logLik | ΔAIC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LCD (IBR) | elev | −58881.0 | −58846.8 | 29444.5 | 0.0 |
| LCD (IBR) | bio16 | −58238.2 | −58204.0 | 29123.1 | 642.9 |
| LCD (IBR) | sdm | −57764.8 | −57730.6 | 28886.4 | 1116.3 |
| LCD (IBR) | d2b | −57153.7 | −57119.5 | 28580.9 | 1727.3 |
| LCD (IBR) | slopeD | −57051.7 | −57017.5 | 28529.9 | 1829.3 |
| LCD (IBR) | vegS | −56945.1 | −56910.9 | 28476.6 | 1935.9 |
| LCD (IBR) | vegW | −56909.8 | −56875.6 | 28458.9 | 1971.3 |
| LCD (IBR) | cfv | −56884.0 | −56849.8 | 28446.0 | 1997.1 |
| LCD (IBR) | bio9 | −56881.9 | −56847.7 | 28445.0 | 1999.1 |
| RD (IBR) | vegS | −56874.3 | −56840.1 | 28441.2 | 2006.7 |
| GD (IBD) | geo | −56820.4 | −56786.2 | 28414.2 | 2060.7 |
| LCD (IBR) | bio8 | −56814.2 | −56780.0 | 28411.1 | 2066.8 |
| LCD (IBR) | slopeF | −56764.2 | −56730.0 | 28386.1 | 2116.9 |
| LCD (IBR) | bio17 | −56702.8 | −56668.6 | 28355.4 | 2178.2 |
| LCD (IBR) | bd | −56611.6 | −56577.4 | 28309.8 | 2269.5 |
| RD (IBR) | bio16 | −56051.5 | −56017.2 | 28029.7 | 2829.6 |
| RD (IBR) | sdm | −55851.8 | −55817.6 | 27929.9 | 3029.2 |
| RD (IBR) | slopeF | −55741.4 | −55707.2 | 27874.7 | 3139.6 |
| RD (IBR) | bio9 | −55692.4 | −55658.2 | 27850.2 | 3188.6 |
| RD (IBR) | vegW | −55395.9 | −55361.7 | 27702.0 | 3485.1 |
| RD (IBR) | d2b | −55300.4 | −55266.2 | 27654.2 | 3580.6 |
| RD (IBR) | bd | −54839.2 | −54805.0 | 27423.6 | 4041.9 |
| RD (IBR) | elev | −54636.6 | −54602.4 | 27322.3 | 4244.4 |
| RD (IBR) | bio17 | −54552.4 | −54518.2 | 27280.2 | 328.7 |
| RD (IBR) | cfv | −54189.8 | −54155.6 | 27098.9 | 4691.2 |
| ED (IBE) | vegW | −54175.1 | −54140.9 | 27091.6 | 4705.9 |
| ED (IBE) | vegS | −54138.7 | −54104.4 | 27073.3 | 4742.4 |
| ED (IBE) | bio17 | −54111.2 | −54077.0 | 27059.6 | 4769.8 |
| RD (IBR) | slopeD | −54111.1 | −54076.9 | 27059.6 | 4769.9 |
| ED (IBE) | bio16 | −53332.9 | −53298.7 | 26670.4 | 5548.1 |
| RD (IBR) | bio8 | −53169.2 | −53135.0 | 26588.6 | 5711.8 |
| ED (IBE) | bio9 | −53141.3 | −53107.1 | 26574.6 | 5739.7 |
| ED (IBE) | elev | −52919.0 | −52884.8 | 26463.5 | 5962.0 |
| ED (IBE) | cfv | −52901.5 | −52867.3 | 26454.7 | 5979.6 |
| ED (IBE) | d2b | −52888.9 | −52854.7 | 26448.4 | 5992.2 |
| ED (IBE) | slope | −52873.2 | −52838.9 | 26440.6 | 6007.9 |
| ED (IBE) | bd | −52868.7 | −52834.5 | 26438.3 | 6012.4 |
| ED (IBE) | bio9 | −52866.9 | −52832.7 | 26437.4 | 6014.2 |
SlopeD stands for ‘slope resistance based on density’ and slopeF stands for ‘slope resistance based on friction’. Rows highlighted in bold indicate models with a better fit than IBD (GD geographic distance) based on AIC and BIC. AIC, Akaike Information Criterion; BIC, Bayesian Information Criterion; logLik, log-likelihood; LCD, least-cost distance; RD, resistance distance; ED, environmental distance; GD, geographic distance; IBD, isolation-by-distance; IBR, isolation-by-resistance; IBE, isolation-by-environment. See Table 1 for details on variable abbreviations.