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. 2018 Jul 25;9:2906. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-04949-4

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Characterization of sequential insertion of H⁺ and Zn²⁺ during two discharge platforms. a The discharge profile of polyaniline (PANI)-intercalated MnO₂ electrode at current density of 50 mA g⁻¹ in different electrolytes (red curve: 2 M ZnSO₄ + 0.1 M MnSO₄, blue curve: 0.1 M MnSO₄). b Raman spectra of PANI-intercalated MnO₂ electrode after full discharge and full charge. c High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) image of the testing electrode after the first discharge platform and the corresponding scanning transmission electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopy (STEM–EDS) mappings for elements like Mn, Zn, and S. d HR-TEM image of the testing electrode after the second discharge platform and the corresponding STEM–EDS mappings for elements like Mn, Zn, and S. Red arrows indicate the PANI-intercalated MnO₂ nanolayers and cyan arrows indicate the acetylene black in electrode. Scale bars, c, d 10 nm for TEM images and 100 nm for STEM–EDS mapping images