Fig. 3.

Structural equation model for verbal working memory. The model comprises only variables that significantly mediated the effects of age on discrimination (d′) decline in the verbal working memory domain across the adult life span. Path coefficients are standardized estimates. Positive predictors of verbal working memory performance are presented in blue (dark gray) squares and negative predictors in red (light gray) squares. Note that the positive effects of the Capacity of the Metamemory in Adulthood Scale (MIA) on verbal working memory had opposite effects when mediating the effects of age on working memory. The scores in this scale decreased with age to the extent that their effects were negative. MMSE Mini-Mental State Scale, fr frequency. ^aTotal intake or time = frequency × duration. ^bLog-transformed variable. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 (color figure online)