Table 1.
Sample Summary Statistics by Influenza Vaccination Status, Race/Ethnicity, and Experiences of Perceived Discrimination in Healthcare: AF4Q Consumer Survey, Chronically-ill U.S. Adults (2011–2012)
| Total | Outcome | Independent Variable of Interest | Moderator | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Complete case sample N = 8,127 |
Vaccinated, prev. 12 months N = 5,197 |
Non-Hispanic White race N = 5,505 |
Non-Hispanic Black race N = 2,112 |
Hispanic ethnicity N = 510 |
Discrimination, prev. 12 months N = 597 |
| Influenza vaccination (prev. 12 months) | 58.2% | -- | 60.3% | 43.0% | 62.1% | 32.4% |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 74.8% | 77.5% | -- | -- | -- | 36.5% |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 13.5% | 9.9% | -- | -- | -- | 28.2% |
| Hispanic | 11.8% | 12.6% | -- | -- | -- | 35.4% |
| Perceived racial/ethnic discrimination in healthcare | 7.3% | ** 4.1% | 3.6% | 15.3% | 21.9% | -- |
| Female sex | 56.6% | 54.7% | 53.3% | 66.5% | 65.7% | 62.2% |
| Education: obtained 4-year college degree | 24.7% | * 29.8% | 29.7% | 6.3% | 14.0% | 7.1% |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| 18-64 | 74.5% | *** 68.0% | 71.0% | 86.8% | 83.2% | 93.4% |
| 65 and older | 25.5% | *** 32.0% | 29.0% | 13.2% | 16.8% | 6.4% |
| Employment status | ||||||
| Full-time (30+ hours/week) | 39.9% | * 38.0% | 41.5% | 30.1% | 40.8% | 20.5% |
| Part-time (<30 hours/week) | 11.4% | * 11.3% | 13.2% | 8.2% | 4.2% | 11.4% |
| Retired | 21.2% | * 27.1% | 23.4% | 17.1% | 12.0% | 12.7% |
| Other | 27.4% | * 23.6% | 21.9% | 44.5% | 43.0% | 55.4% |
| Patient Activation Measure stage, mean (SD) | 3.2 (0.8) | 3.2 (0.8) | 3.2 (0.8) | 3.1 (0.8) | 3.1 (0.9) | 2.8 (1.1) |
| Household income above federal poverty line | 67.6% | * 73.2% | 77.9% | 30.2% | 45.2% | 28.4% |
| Currently insured | 85.4% | * 90.3% | 90.9% | 69.3% | 68.5% | 57.6% |
| Self-rated health, mean (SD) | 3.0 (1.0) | 3.0 (1.0) | 3.1 (1.0) | 2.6 (0.8) | 2.4 (0.9) | 2.0 (1.2) |
| Number of chronic illnesses, mean (SD) | 1.4 (0.9) | 1.5 (0.9) | 1.4 (0.9) | 1.3 (0.8) | 1.6 (0.8) | 1.6 (0.8) |
| Current tobacco smoker | 18.4% | *** 11.6% | 15.7% | 38.3% | 12.5% | 34.9% |
| Diet and exercise score, mean (SD) | 1.3 (0.7) | 1.3 (0.7) | 1.2 (0.7) | 1.3 (0.7) | 1.5 (0.7) | 1.1 (0.8) |
| Trust in physician score, mean (SD | 1.3 (0.5) | * 1.3 (0.5) | 1.3 (0.5) | 1.3 (0.5) | 1.4 (0.5) | 1.4 (0.5) |
| Visits to providers, prev. 3 months, mean (SD) | 1.1 (1.2) | 1.1 (1.2) | 1.0 (1.2) | 1.4 (1.4) | 1.4 (1.2) | 2.1 (1.3) |
| Rating of all care, prev. 12 months, mean (SD) | 8.1 (2.1) | 8.3 (1.8) | 8.0 (2.0) | 8.7 (1.6) | 7.6 (3.0) | 5.5 (3.2) |
Column percentages and means are weighted to be nationally-representative of chronically-ill U.S. adults. Due to missing values and rounding, numbers in the column percentages in this table may not add up to the total sample size. Sample size values (N) are unweighted to show actual number of respondents in cells. For the outcome column, bivariate statistical tests were conducted to detect, by influenza vaccination uptake, significant differences among group percentages (design-based F tests) and among means (adjusted Wald tests). In this column, *0.05>p≥0.01; **0.01>p≥0.001; ***p<0.001
Patient Activation Measure stage ranges from 1–4 where 4 indicates higher patient activation.
Self-rated health ranges from 1–5 where 5 indicates excellent health.
Number of chronic illnesses rages from 1–5 (asthma, depression, diabetes, heart disease, and/or hypertension).
Diet and exercise index ranges from 0–2 where higher scores indicate better exercise and diet practices.
Trust in physician score ranges from 1–3, where 1 is “a lot” and 3 is “not at all.”
Number of visits to healthcare providers in the previous 3 months to treat conditions is categorized as 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4+ times.
Rating of all care received from all healthcare professionals in the previous 12 months ranges from 0–10 where 10 is the best possible score.