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. 2018 Jul 19;9:999. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00999

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Copyright © 2018 Wang, Xue, Pan, Chen and Liu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Comparison of nitrogen uptake and use efficiency by different fertilization treatments. (A) N uptake; (B) NHI, N harvest index = N in grains/N uptake; (C) IEN, internal N efficiency = grain yield/N uptake; (D) RE_N, N recovery efficiency = [plant N accumulation in the plot received N fertilizer (T_N) – plant N accumulation in the zero-N control (T₀)]/amount of N applied (N_A); (E) AE_N, N agronomic efficiency = [grain yield in the plot received N fertilizer (G_N) – grain yield in the zero-N control (G₀)]/N_A; (F) PFP_N: nitrogen partial factor productivity = G_N/N_A. Results are pooled from different years and locations. Boxes followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level.