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. 2018 Jun 26;32(4):1447–1461. doi: 10.1111/jvim.15220

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Selected lead II ECG findings in calves with diarrhea (paper speed 25 mm/s, sensitivity 5 mm/mV). A, Normal appearance of an ECG in a diarrheic calf (cK+: 4.5 mmol/L, cNa+: 137 mmol/L, pH 7.41) with a Ta wave present (arrows). B, ECG of a severely acidemic and hypokalemic diarrheic calf (cK+: 2.9 mmol/L, cNa+: 147 mmol/L, blood pH 6.74; rectal temperature: 36.7°C; plasma glucose concentration: 4.2 mmol/L) showing sinus bradycardia (atrial and ventricular rate, 76 beats/min), deep and prominent S waves (arrows), and decreased T wave amplitudes (asterisks). C, Prolonged PR intervals (asterisks) and a supraventricular or junctional premature complex (arrow) in a hypokalemic and severely acidemic diarrheic calf (cK+: 3.1 mmol/L, cNa+: 157 mmol/L, blood pH: 6.75). D, Sinus tachycardia (atrial and ventricular rate, 170 beats/min), Ta waves (arrows) and increased amplitude and slightly peaked T waves (asterisks) in a hyperkalemic diarrheic calf (cK+: 6.3 mmol/L; cNa+: 150 mmol/L, blood pH: 7.01). E, Large amplitude “tented” symmetric T waves and prominent S waves in a hyperkalemic diarrheic calf (cK+: 6.8 mmol/L, cNa+: 135 mmol/L, blood pH: 7.04). Also note the increased QRS duration (asterisks) and ST amplitude (arrows) when compared with A. F, Unifocal premature ventricular complexes (arrows) in a hyperkalemic diarrheic calf (cK+: 6.3 mmol/L, cNa+: 126 mmol/L, blood pH: 7.10). G, Almost disappeared P waves (asterisks), marked ST segment elevation (arrows) and prominent S wave amplitudes in a hyperkalemic diarrheic calf (cK+: 7.8 mmol/L, cNa+: 118 mmol/L, blood pH 7.38). H, Bradycardia (ventricular rate, 56 beats/min) and missing P waves (arrows) and arrhythmias in a severely hyperkalemic diarrheic calf (cK+: 9.4 mmol/L, cNa+: 124 mmol/L, blood pH: 7.08). I, Ventricular tachycardia (ventricular rate, 133 beats/min) in a severely hyperkalemic diarrheic calf (cK+: 10.2 mmol/L, cNa+: 147, blood pH 7.15). J, Irregular wide‐QRS rhythm in a severely hyperkalemic diarrheic calf (cK+: 9.9 mmol/L, cNa+: 139 mmol/L, blood pH 7.25)