Table 1. . Burden of antimicrobial resistance rates reported in typhoidal Salmonella from Indian studies of past 15 years.

Antibiotic	Salmonella Typhi	Salmonella Paratyphi A
Ampicillin†	5–72%	0–74%
Chloramphenicol†	3–27%	0–23%
Cotrimoxazole†	2.3–35%	0–36%
Nalidixic acid	78–100%	63–100%
Ciprofloxacin‡	0–97%	0–100%
Ceftriaxone	0–4%	0–6%

^†MDR S. Typhi classified based in resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and cotrimoxazole is coming down in the recent years.

^‡High rates of ciprofloxacin resistance is due to the revised breakpoints in the CLSI guideline.

Refs: [23–29]

CLSI: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; MDR: Multidrug-resistant.