Table 3.

Associations Between Prepregnancy Obesity and Cleft Lip With or Without Cleft Palate, Adjusting for Different Combinations of Biases, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997–2011.

	Conventional Analysis		Non- Probabilistic Bias Analysisa	Probabilistic Bias Analysisb		Probabilistic Bias Analysis Plus Random Errorb
	OR	95% CI	OR	Median OR	95% SI	Median OR	95% RESI
Unadjusted	1.09	0.97, 1.21
Confounding onlyc	1.10	0.98, 1.23
Selection bias and confoundingc			0.98	0.98	0.82, 1.17	0.98	0.80, 1.21
Exposure misclassification and confoundingc,d
Nondifferential (Seca = Seco, Spca = Spco)			1.12	1.11	0.84, 1.45	1.11	0.83, 1.48
Differential A (Seca = Seco+0.05, Spca = Spco+0.03)			1.09	1.09	0.84, 1.41	1.09	0.82, 1.44
Differential B (Seca = Seco−0.05, Spca = Spco−0.03)			1.02	1.01	0.76, 1.34	1.01	0.74, 1.36
All biases combinedc,e
Nondifferential (Seca = Seco, Spca = Spco)			1.03	1.02	0.76, 1.37	1.02	0.75, 1.39
Differential A (Seca = Seco+0.05, Spca = Spco+0.03)			1.01	1.01	0.76, 1.33	1.00	0.74, 1.36
Differential B (Seca = Seco−0.05, Spca = Spco−0.03)			0.94	0.93	0.69, 1.26	0.93	0.67, 1.28

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; RESI, random error-added simulation interval; Se_ca, sensitivity for cases; Se_co, sensitivity for controls; SI, simulation interval; Sp_ca, specificity for cases; Sp_co, specificity for controls.

^aFixed values of bias parameters chosen for the analysis.

^bTriangular distributions of bias parameters sampled over 5,000 iterations.

^cAdjusted for confounding by maternal race/ethnicity.

^dAdjusted for exposure misclassification and missing exposure data.

^eAdjusted for selection bias, exposure misclassification, missing exposure, and confounding.