Table 3.
Comparisons of included studies on reporting of cost index year, cost analysis method, cost perspective, and costs (adjusted to US$ at 2015 prices).
| Study, year of publication | Cost index year | Cost analysis method | Cost perspective | Adjusted costs in US$ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GENERAL SURGERY | ||||
| Chaudhuri et al., 2006 | 2006 | CMA | NA | Total cost in group with a single-dose Metronidazole: US$11.53 per patient Total cost for SSI complications: US$813.25 per patient |
| Wilson et al., 2008 | 2005 | CMA | NA | Cost per dose of ertapenem: US$47.86 per patient Cost per dose of cefotetan: US$29.78 per patient Direct medical cost in group with etapenem prophylaxis: US$16,433.89 per patient Direct medical cost in group with cefotetan prophylaxis: US$18,812.66 per patient |
| Matsui et al., 2014 | 2013 | CMA | NA | Cost for antibiotics in group with cefazolin: US$25.73 per patient; Cost for antibiotics in group without prophylactic: US$8.37 per patient; Direct medical cost in group with cefazolin: US$791.59 per patient; Direct medical cost in group without prophylactic: US$859.58 per patient. |
| Singh et al., 2014 | 2013 | CMA | Healthcare, payer and societal perspective | For 15% SSI risk, triclosan-coated suture saved: - US$4,232.27 – 14,394.25 per patient (Hospital perspective) - US$4,256.99 – 14,725.91 per patient (Payer perspective) - US$41,330.81 – 54,841.32 per patient (Societal perspective) |
| Ozdemir et al., 2016 | 2016 | CMA | NA | Total hospital cost: - In group with cefazolin and metronidazole intravenously plus metronidazole and gentamicin orally: US$2,699 per patient - In group with cefazolin and metronidazole intravenously: US$4,411 per patient |
| ORTHOPEDIC | ||||
| Elliott et al., 2010 | 2005 | CUA | Societal perspective | Total cost per QALY for SSI-treatments - In group with vancomycin prophylactic: US$1,417.78/QALY - In group with cephalosporin prophylactic: US$1,418.01/QALY - In group with combination prophylactic: US$1,421.48/QALY |
| Courville et al., 2012 | 2005 | CEA | Societal perspective | Average cost per QALY: |
| Total hip arthroplasty: - Treated with mupirocin: US$34,990.65/QALY - Treated with mupirocin and screened positive for S.aureus: US$35,308.54/QALY - Without mupirocin: US$35,370.74/QALY |
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| Total knee arthroplasty: - Treated with mupirocin: US$41,368.18/QALY - Treated with mupirocin and screened positive for S.aureus: US$41,775.92/QALY - Without mupirocin: US$41,885.34/QALY |
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| Merollini et al., 2013 | 2011 | CEA | Healthcare perspective | ICER non-prophylactic compared with prophylactic antibiotics: US$9,917.14/QALY-lost Add-on antibiotic-impregnated prophylaxis saving US$4,164.81/QALY-gained |
| Theologis et al., 2014 | 2009 | CMA | NA | Cost for vancomycin powder: US$38.30 per operative procedure Total cost in group with vancomycin powder: US$78,745.18 per operation Total cost in group without vancomycin powder: US$71,514.31 per operation Cost saving using vancomycin powder: US$276,174.26 per 100 operative procedures |
| Graves et al., 2016 | 2012 | CUA | Healthcare perspective | With the reference of non-systemic antibiotics + plain cement + conventional ventilation (T0), ICERs of T1 to T8: - T1: US$120,989.52/QALY - T2: US$83,904.20/QALY - T3: US$75,533.82/QALY - T4: US$88,054.96/QALY - T5: US$95,765.38/QALY - T6: US$44,615.47/QALY - T7: US$63,185.13/QALY - T8: US$21,302/QALY |
| Ceballos et al., 2017 | 2014 | CEA | Healthcare perspective | Incremental cost between non-prophylactic and prophylactic group: US$1,245.83 per patient |
| NEUROSURGERY | ||||
| Emohare et al., 2014 | 2012 | CMA | NA | Cost for intra-wound vancomycin: US$12.46 per patient Direct medical cost in group without intra-wound vancomycin: US$2,879.02 per patient |
| Lewis et al., 2016 | 2015 | CMA | NA | Direct cost for PPSAs: US$887.50 per patient Cost saving for Non-PPSAs: US$93,194.63 per patient |
| CARDIOTHORACIC SURGERY | ||||
| Dhadwal et al., 2007 | 2004 | CMA | NA | Cost for prophylactic antibiotics: - In the group with single prophylactic antibiotic: US$540.18 per patient - In the group with combination prophylactic antibiotics: US$425.95 per patient |
| Total hospital costs: - In the group with single prophylactic antibiotic: US$22,130.53 per patient - In the group with combination prophylactic antibiotics: US$17,609.24 per patient |
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| Joshi et al., 2016 | 2013 | CMA | NA | Median cost without SSI: US$15,502.72 per patient |
| Median additional cost for SSI treatments: US$7,835.59 per patient | ||||
| Cost for the GCS: US$128.96 per patient | ||||
| Total annual additional costs in reducing SSI incidence by 50% - Without GCS: US$70,523.90 per patient - With GCS: US$115,924.59 per patient |
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| OBSTETRIC GYNECOLOGICAL SURGERY | ||||
| Elliott et al., 2010 | 2008 | CMA | NA | Costs for antibiotics: - In group with single prophylactic antibiotic: US$10.61 per patient - In group with combination prophylactic antibiotics: US$16.52 per patient |
| Courville et al., 2012 | 2007 | CMA | NA | The price of rifamycin: US$1.58 per patient |
| Mean cost for SSI treatments: US$482.59 per patient | ||||
| ONCOLOGIC SURGERY | ||||
| Patil et al., 2011 | 2007 | CMA | NA | Costs in group with single antibiotic: - Prophylactic antibiotic costs: US$7.22 per patient - Post-surgical antibiotic costs: US$79.76 per patient - Total antibiotics costs: US$86 per patient |
| Costs in group with combination of prophylactic antibiotics: - Prophylactic antibiotic costs: US$12.13 per patient - Post-surgical antibiotics costs: US$82.79 per patient - Total antibiotics costs: US$94.92 per patient |
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| Gulluoglu et al., 2013 | 2010 | CMA | NA | Costs for SSI treatments: - In group with prophylactic antibiotics: US$9.18 per patient - In group without prophylactic antibiotics: US$21.93 per patient |
| El-Mahallawy et al., 2013 | 2013 | CMA | NA | Direct cost in group with penicillin G sodium and gentamicin: US$3.26 per patient Direct cost in group with clindamycin and amikacin: US$17.39 per patient |
CMA, cost minimization analysis; GCS, Gentamicin collagen sponges; ICER, incremental cost-effectiveness ratio; NA, not available; PPSAs, prolonged prophylaxis systemic antimicrobials; T1, systemic antibiotics + plain cement + conventional ventilation; T2, non-systemic antibiotics + plain cement + laminar airflow; T3, systemic antibiotics + plain cement + laminar airflow; T4, non-systemic antibiotics + antibiotic-impregnated cement + conventional ventilation; T5, systemic antibiotics + antibiotic-impregnated cement + conventional ventilation; T6, systemic antibiotic + antibiotic-impregnated cement + laminar airflow; T7, systemic antibiotics + antibiotic-impregnated cement + ventilation + body exhaust suit; T8, systemic antibiotics + antibiotic-impregnated cement + laminar ventilation + body exhaust suit; THA, total hip arthroplasty; TKA, total knee arthroplasty; US$, the United States Dollars.