Table 4.
Comparison of selected studies on reporting of SSI classification, SSI rate, statistical significance, timing at the identification of the SSI and length of hospitalization.
| Study, year of publication | SSI classification | SSI rate* | Statistical significance | Timing SSI identified | Length of hospitalization (days) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GENERAL SURGERY | |||||
| Chaudhuri et al., 2006 | Superficial | Metronidazole: 11(44%) Cefuroxime and metronidazole: 3(12%) |
p-value: 0.9, < 0.0001 and < 0.03 at week 1, 2, and 4 respectively | Week 1,2, and 4 | NA |
| Wilson et al., 2008 | Superficial, deep, organ space | Ertapenem: 62(18.3%) Cefotetan: 104(31.1%) |
CI95% absolute difference: −19.5 to 6.5 | Week 4 | Ertapenem: 9; Cefotetan: 11.6 |
| Matsui et al., 2014 | NA | Cefazolin: 4(0.8%) Without prophylactic antibiotic: 19(3.7%) |
p-value: 0.001 | Day 1 and or day 2 postoperative | Cefazolin: 3.69 No antibiotic: 4.07 |
| Singh et al., 2014 | Superficial and deep SSI | An assumption of SSI-risk for the triclosan coated sutures treatment: 5-20% | NA | 30–90 days | NA |
| Ozdemir et al., 2016 | Superficial, deep and organ space | Combination of intravenous prophylaxis (cefazolin and metronidazole) and oral prophylaxis (metronidazole and gentamicin): 16(35.6%) Intravenous prophylaxis only (metronidazole and gentamicin): 32(71.1%) |
p-value < 0.001 | 30 days | Intravenous only: 14.2 Combination of intravenous and oral prophylaxis: 8.1 |
| ORTHOPEDIC | |||||
| Elliott et al., 2010 | Superficial and deep/joint | Vancomycin group: 2(0.4%) infected by MRSA and 41(9.1%) infected by others Cephalosporin group: 7(1.6%) infected by MRSA and 32(7.4%) infected by others |
NA | 30 days | NA |
| Courville et al., 2012 | Deep | Probability among Mupirocin-treated carriers: 1.3% Probability among non-Mupirocin and non-carriers: 0.58% |
NA | Time horizon: 1 year | NA |
| Merollini et al., 2013 | Deep | Incremental SSI incidence: - In non-prophylactic antibiotic group over prophylactic group: 230 cases - In add-on antibiotic-impregnated cement over antibiotic prophylaxis: prevented 46 cases |
NA | Time horizon: 30 years | NA |
| Theologis et al., 2014 | NA | Intravenous antibiotics and vancomycin powder: 4(2.6%) Intravenous antibiotic only: 7(10.9%) |
P-value: 0.01 | 90 days | NA |
| Graves et al., 2016 | Deep | T0: 1887 cases T1: 870 cases T2: 670 cases T3: 721 cases T4: 950 cases T5: 406 cases T6: 666 cases T7: 905 cases T8: 1126 cases |
CI95%: T0: 1253–2621 T1: 345–1655 T2: 90–1937 T3: 192–1589 T4: 286–2059 T5: 90–964 T6: 101–2017 T7: 77–2499 T8: 143–2827 |
Time horizon: 30 days for non-implant and 1 year for implant procedures | NA |
| Ceballos et al., 2017 | Superficial and deep | Prophylactic antibiotic: 62(16.2%) Non-prophylactic antibiotic: 44(38.3%) |
NA | NA | NA |
| NEUROSURGERY | |||||
| Emohare et al., 2014 | Superficial [study group: 5 (5%); control group: 5(2%)]; Deep [study group: 0; control group:7(3%)] | Cefazolin and vancomycin: 0 out of 96 Cefazolin: 7(3.4%) |
NA | 20–22 months | NA |
| Lewis et al., 2016 | Superficial and deep | PPSAs: 2(1.9%) Non-PPSAs: 1(1.3%) |
Deep SSI: p = 1.00 Superficial SSI: p = 0.77 |
90 days | PPSAs and non-PPSAs: 5 |
| CARDIOTHORACIC SURGERY | |||||
| Dhadwal et al., 2007 | Superficial, deep, organ space | Rifampicin + gentamicin + vancomycin: 8(9.2%) Cefuroxime: 25(25.3%) |
NA | Day 90 | Triple antibiotics: 9.1 Single antibiotic: 12 |
| Joshi et al., 2016 | Deep and superficial sternal wound infection | 18(1.4%) diagnosed as SWI in a two-year period | NA | NA | Wards: 5 (non-SWI) and 12.7 (SWI) ICU: 2.5 (non-SWI) and 3 (SWI) |
| OBSTETRIC GYNECOLOGICAL SURGERY | |||||
| Alekwe et al., 2008 | Deep | Ceftriaxone: 7(7%) Amplicox + gentamicin + metronidazole: 8(8%) |
p-value: 0.788 | Day 3 | Single antibiotic: 6.33; Triple antibiotics: 6.22 |
| Kosus et al., 2010 | Superficial and deep | Ceftriaxone + rifamycin SV: 0 out of 596 Ceftriaxone: 12(2%) |
P-value < 0.05 | Day 2, 5, 40 | 7 |
| ONCOLOGIC SURGERY | |||||
| Patil et al., 2011 | NA | Single antibiotic: 11(47.8%) Combination of antibiotics: 7(25%) |
NA | NA | Single antibiotic: 36 Combination of antibiotics: 33 |
| Gulluoglu et al., 2013 | Superficial | Ampicillin/sulbactam: 9(4.8%) Non-prophylactic antibiotics: 25(13.7%) |
NA | Day 30 | NA |
| El-Mahallawy et al., 2013 | NA | Penicillin G sodium + gentamicin: 11(11%) Clindamycin + amikacin: 8(8%) |
P value: 0.47 | NA | NA |
The provided percentages were the percentages within the group. CI, confident interval; ICU, intensive care unit; i.v., intravenous; LoS, length of stay; NA, not available; PPSAs, prolonged prophylaxis systemic antimicrobials; SWI, sternal wound infection; T0, No systemic antibiotics + plain cement + conventional ventilation; T1, systemic antibiotics + plain cement + conventional ventilation; T2, non-systemic antibiotics + plain cement + laminar airflow; T3, systemic antibiotics + plain cement + laminar airflow; T4, non-systemic antibiotics + antibiotic-impregnated cement + conventional ventilation; T5, systemic antibiotics + antibiotic-impregnated cement + conventional ventilation; T6, systemic antibiotic + antibiotic-impregnated cement + laminar airflow; T7, systemic antibiotics + antibiotic-impregnated cement + ventilation + body exhaust suit; T8, systemic antibiotics + antibiotic-impregnated cement + laminar ventilation + body exhaust suit.