Table 5.
Characteristics of pathogens, prophylactic antibiotic, mean cost and SSI incidence in each surgical procedure.
| Type of surgery, reference | Pathogen (%) | Prophylactic antibiotic | Mean cost, US$* | SSI incidence, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| General surgery | ||||
| Chaudhuri et al., 2006; Wilson et al., 2008; Matsui et al., 2014; Singh et al., 2014; Ozdemir et al., 2016 | ||||
|
- Colorectal surgery - Excision of pilonidal sinuses - Laparoscopic cholecystectomy |
Escherichia coli (25) Klebsiella pneumonia (50) Staphylococcus aureus (25) |
Cefazolin Cefotetan Ertapenem Gentamicin Metronidazole Triclosan. |
791.59–54,841.32 | 0.8-71.1 |
| Orthopedic | ||||
| Elliott et al., 2010; Courville et al., 2012; Merollini et al., 2013; Theologis et al., 2014; Graves et al., 2016; Ceballos et al., 2017 | ||||
|
- Deformity reconstruction - Hip arthroplasty - Hip replacement - Knee arthroplasty - Lower limb amputation |
Citrobacter freundii (6.7) Corynebacterium afermentan (6.7) Corynebacterium jeikeium (6.7) Enterobacter cloacae (6.7) Enterobacter cloacae (6.7) Escherichia coli (6.7) MRSA (39.9) Pseudomonas mirabilis (13.3) Staphylococcus epidermidis (6.7) |
Cefazolin Cefotaxime Cefoxitin Cefuroxime Cephalotin Mupirocin Vancomycin |
1,245.83–120,989.52 | 0.5-38.3 |
| Neurosurgery | ||||
| Emohare et al., 2014; Lewis et al., 2016 | ||||
| - Cranial surgery - Posterior spinal surgery - Subdural and subgaleal drains |
Enterobacteriacea (33.3) Klebsiella pneumonia (33.3) acnes (33.3) |
Cefazolin Vancomycin |
887.79–2,879.02 | 0-3.4 |
| Cardiothoracic surgery | ||||
| Dhadwal et al., 2007; Joshi et al., 2016 | ||||
| - Cardiac surgery - Coronary artery bypass |
Staphylococcus aureus (8.7) Bacteroides fragilis (4.3) Enterobacter cloacae (2.9) Enterobacteriaceae (30.4) Enterococcus faecalis (14.5) Escherichia coli (24.6) Klebsiella pneumonia (3.0) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.2) Proteus mirabilis (3.0) Serratia marcescens (1.4) |
Gentamicin Rifampicin Vancomycin |
7,835.59–22,130.53 | 1.4-25.3 |
| Obstetric gynecological surgery | ||||
| Alekwe et al., 2008; Kosus et al., 2010 | ||||
| - Cesarean section |
Bacteroides (Bacillus) fragilis (12.5) Escherichia coli (50) Enterococci (25) Streptococci spp.s Group B (12.5) |
Ampicillin Ceftriaxone Gentamicin Metronidazole Rifamycin |
482.59 | 0-8 |
| Oncologic surgery | ||||
| Patil et al., 2011; El-Mahallawy et al., 2013; Gulluoglu et al., 2013 | ||||
| - Bladder cancer surgery - Breast cancer surgery - Head and neck onco-surgeries |
Acinectobacter haemolyticus (2.7) Staphylococcus aureus (32.4) Streptococci (16.2) Staphylococcus epidermidis (35.1) |
Amikacin Ampicillin Cefazolin Cefprozil |
Not adequately informed | 4.8-47.8 |
| - Rectal cancer surgery - Stomach cancer surgery |
Various gram negatives (13.6) | Ciprofloxacin Clindamycin Gentamicin Metronidazole Moxifloxacin Penicillin G |
||
*
Adjusted mean cost in US$ at 2015-inflation rate.
MRSA, Methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus.