Table 3.
Quality of care outcomes and levels of engagement
| Type of outcomes | Level of engagement | Studies | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Co-design | Consultative to co-design | ||
| Education or tool development | |||
| Information packages for patients, peers, and providers | Consultative to co-design, co-design | Pilgrim and Waldron 1998 [59], Factor 2002 [57] | Jones 2008 [62], Carlson and Rosenqvist 1990 [51], Buck 2004 [76], Ennis 2014 [70], Erwin 2016 [71] |
| Service improvement surveys | Co-design, consultative to co-design | Hopkins and Neimiec 2006 [52], Brooks 2008 [64], Xie 2015 [54] | Tooke 2013 [49] |
| Informed policy or planning products | |||
| Clinical care models | Consultative to co-design | Hall 2011 [94] | |
| Service/care strategies | Co-design | Brooks 2008 [64] | |
| User involvement models | Co-design, consultative to co-design | Coad 2008 [41] | MacNeill 2009 [97], Van Staa 2010 [66], Barnes and Wistow 1994 [40] |
| Service policy implementation | Co-design | Todd 2000 [47] | |
| Plans or recommendations to improve service delivery and care | Co-design, consultative to co-design | Iedema 2010 [39] | Jones 2008 [62], Weinstein 2006 [46], Walsh and Hostick 2005 [99], Gibson 2005 [60], Buck 2004 [76], Cawston 2007 [69] |
| Enhanced care process or service delivery | |||
| Extended opening hours | Co-design | Pilgrim and Waldron 1998 [59] | |
| Employment of a dedicated mental health advocate | Co-design | Pilgrim and Waldron 1998 [59] | |
| Improved/developed care facilities, services, programs, or intervention | Co-design, consultative to co-design | Ferreira-Pinto 1995 [58], Frazier 2007 [42], Barnes 2000 [75], Owens 2011 [56], Sawbrick 2006 [55], Lord 1998 [63], Coad 2008 [41], Fitzgerald 2011 [78], Macdonnell 2013 [45], Bone 2013 [93], Berg 2015 [50], Thomson 2015 [68], Reeve 2015 [74], Tolleyfield 2014 [53], Murphy 2015 [44] |
Fitzgerald 2011 [78], Jones, 2010 [96], Mendenhall 2010 [77], Walsh and Hostick 2005 [99], Carlson and Rosenqvist 1990 [51], Barnes and Wistow 1994 [40], Cawston 2007 [69], Rose 2003 [98], Godfrey 2013 [73], Blickem 2014 [92], Acri 2014 [65], Higgins 2016 [95], Lofters 2015 [43] |
| Improved access to service | Co-design | Wistow and Barnes 1993 [61] | |
| Creation of an employment support unit | Co-design | Wistow and Barnes 1993 [61] | |
| Creation of new services | Co-design | Enriquez et al. 2010 [67] | |
| Improved governance | |||
| Patient representation on board | Co-design | Lord et al. 1998 [63] | |
| Auditing policy and frameworks | Co-design | Brooks 2008 [64] | |
| Commitment to improve services | Co-design | Wistow and Barnes 1993 [61] | |
| Organizational culture change | Co-design | Lord et al. 1998 [63] | |