Table 5.

Examples of studies reporting the impact of engaging patients in institutions

Reference	Level of engagement	Service type	Patient engagement outcome	Method/facilitator
Acri et al. 2014 [65]	Consultative to co-design	Mental health	Shared/neutralized power	Equal voice of users and organization
Barnes 2000 [75]	Co-design	Mental health	Culture change	Educational program
Barnes and Wistow 1994 [40]	Consultative to co-design	Mental health	Culture change	Top-down approach from the local authority
Buck 2004 [76]	Consultative to co-design	General health	Collaboration and mutual learning	Citizen advisory board
Elwell 2014 [48]	Consultative to co-design	Acute care	Organizational impetus to change	User group meetings
Frazier 2007 [42]	Co-design	Mental health	Collaboration between community and clinicians	Service model development
Godfrey et al. 2013 [73]	Consultative to co-design	Acute care	Culture change	Program development
Hopkins and Neimec 2006 [52]	Co-design	Home tx services	Shared/neutralized power	Users conducted research/interviews
Iedema 2010 [39]	Co-design	Emergency services	Development of new competencies	Created deliberative space to share experiences
Jones 2008 [62]	Consultative to co-design	Stroke services	Meaningful user participation	External facilitation
Lord 1994 [63]	Co-design	Mental health	Culture change	Broadening power and control
Macdonnell et al. 2013 [45]	Co-design	Pediatrics	Enhanced relationship between users and providers	Program development
Mendenhall 2010 [77]	Consultative to co-design	Diabetes	Collaboration between community and providers	Talking circles, storytelling, giving users active role
Pilgrim and Waldron 1998 [59]	Co-design	Mental health	Direct negotiations for change	Empowering users and external facilitation
Reeve et al. 2015 [74]	Co-design	Primary care	Enhanced relationships between community and providers	Extensive community consultation
Swarbrick 2006 [55]	Co-design	Mental health	Collaborative partnership	User training
Thomson et al. 2015 [68]	Co-design	Multiple sclerosis	Mutual understanding	Program development
Todd 2000 [47]	Co-design	Intellectual disability	Shift in thinking, collaboration, and participation	Higher proportion of users to providers, training, and clarity of roles
Tollyfield 2014 [53]	Co-design	Acute care	Reconnection to core values of caring and compassion	Ongoing co-design meetings
Tooke 2013 [49]	Consultative to co-design	Dementia	Enhanced communication between users and providers	Service user panels
Walsh and Hostick 2005 [99]	Consultative to co-design	Mental health	User ownership	External facilitation
Xie 2015 [54]	Co-design	Acute care	Commitment and mutual understanding	Familiar, experienced user representatives, establishing common ground and updating users on progress