Table 2. The characteristics of workers in the controls and DEE exposure groups.

Variables	Control (n = 108)	DEE exposed workers (n = 137)	P
Age (years, mean ± SD)	33.37 ± 11.05	31.99 ± 8.60	0.271 a
BMI (kg m–2, mean ± SD)	23.71 ± 4.26	24.58 ± 3.40	0.076 a
Current smoker, yes/no (% yes)	56/52 (51.9)	81/56 (59.1)	0.255 b
Alcohol user, yes/no (% yes)	68/40 (63.0)	89/48 (65.0)	0.895 b
1-Hydroxypyrene (μg g–1 Creat., Median, 5–95%)	0.84 (0.13–3.27)	2.30 (0.63–6.27)	<0.001 a
DEE exposed year (years, mean ± SD)	—	8.18 ± 5.14	—

^a t-test for difference between the two groups.

^b χ ² test for difference between the two groups.