Table 1.
Participant characteristics
| Controls | Obese | Type 2 diabetes | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 57.08 ± 7.10 (41.03–66.92) |
58.01 ± 8.39 (40.32–68.09) |
60.44 ± 5.05 (50.86–70.24) |
0.158 |
| Sex, male/female (% male) | 16/15 (51.6) | 8/8 (50) | 15/13 (53.6) | 0.999 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | – | – | 8.15 ± 4.81 (1–20) |
– |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.96 ± 1.64 (20.00–25.41) |
32.58 ± 2.86a (29.28–39.35) |
32.25 ± 4.51a (26.90–42.70) |
<0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 118.32 ± 16.17 (88.67–159.00) |
126.75 ± 12.08 (99.00–148.00) |
135.31 ± 13.11a (110.67–163.00) |
<0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74.60 ± 10.51 (58.00–98.67) |
79.14 ± 7.73 (62.00–92.00) |
81.00 ± 8.84a (65.33–100.00) |
0.033 |
| Antihypertensive medication use (%) | 0 (0) | 3 (18.8) | 17 (60.7)a, b | <0.001 |
| Hypertension (%)c | 5 (16.1) | 4 (25) | 18 (64.3)a, b | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.61 ± 0.36 (5.00–6.00) |
5.58 ± 0.27 (5.00–6.10) |
6.99 ± 1.05a, b (5.70–9.00) |
<0.001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 37.24 ± 1.57 (33.00–40.00) |
37.62 ± 3.03 (31.00–43.00) |
53.46 ± 10.74a, b (39.00–77.00) |
<0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.43 ± 0.89 (4.00–7.00) |
5.66 ± 0.89 (3.70–6.90) |
4.55 ± 1.38a, b (3.00–8.00) |
0.002 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.91 ± 0.48 (1.00–3.00) |
1.42 ± 0.43 (0.81–2.44) |
1.17 ± 0.33a (0.87–2.00) |
<0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.13 ± 0.80 (2.00–5.00) |
3.45 ± 0.69 (2.10–4.60) |
2.39 ± 0.92a, b (1.00–5.00) |
<0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.91 ± 0.41 (0.00–2.00) |
1.76 ± 1.31a (0.50–5.50) |
1.66 ± 1.01a (0.80–5.60) |
0.002 |
| Cholesterol medication use (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (6.3) | 19 (67.9)a, b | <0.001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 4.85 ± 0.56 (4.00–5.70) |
5.27 ± 0.41 (4.40–5.90) |
8.50 ± 2.31a, b (5.70–15.00) |
<0.001 |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/L) | 37.56 ± 18.75 (16.00–109.50) |
83.62 ± 51.25a (42.40–243.40) |
90.77 ± 35.42a (40.80–157.10) |
<0.001 |
| Estimated intracranial volume (mL) | 1547 ± 127.70 (1352–1768) | 1505 ± 173.35 (1266–1874) | 1473 ± 143.67 (1272–1884) | 0.149 |
| Manual edits (%) | 8 (25.8) | 5 (31.3) | 10 (35.7) | 0.729 |
| Control pointsd | 1 | 0 | 0 | – |
| Brain editinge | 7 | 5 | 10 | – |
Data are presented as mean with standard deviation or absolute number with percentage between parentheses. The P-value represents the P-value of the overall F-test
adifferent from controls
bdifferent from obese
cHypertension was defined as a systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg or above, a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg or above, or the use of antihypertensive medication
dAdding control point in the white matter to push the white matter segmentation forward
eBrain editing consisting of removing excessive skull or changing the intensity of voxels that were wrongly labeled