Table 2.

Values of whole brain indices of cortical structure and subcortical volume

	Controls	Normoglycemic obese	Type 2 diabetes	P valued
Cortical thickness (mm)
Whole brain	2.47 ± 0.08	2.43 ± 0.08	2.43 ± 0.08	0.368
Left hemisphere	2.47 ± 0.08	2.44 ± 0.08	2.43 ± 0.09	0.313
Right hemisphere	2.46 ± 0.09	2.43 ± 0.08	2.43 ± 0.08	0.439
Cortical surface area (mm2)
Whole brain	2511.09 ± 221.00	2435.03 ± 318.07	2398.78 ± 248.28	0.951
Left hemisphere	2507.86 ± 219.64	2436.05 ± 310.31	2397.12 ± 250.98	0.973
Right hemisphere	2514.31 ± 224.07	2434.00 ± 326.67	2400.44 ± 246.41	0.909
Cortical volume (mL)
Whole brain	465.38 ± 43.61	449.97 ± 62.22	439.65 ± 35.27	0.833
Left hemisphere	233.22 ± 22.42	225.22 ± 30.57	219.98 ± 17.20	0.743
Right hemisphere	232.17 ± 21.52	224.74 ± 31.73	219.67 ± 18.38	0.911
Subcortical volume (mL)e
Bilateral amygdala	1.86 ± 0.29	2.17 ± 0.25a	2.01 ± 0.23	0.001
Bilateral thalamus	10.16 ± 0.72	10.66 ± 0.57a, c	10.04 ± 0.63b	0.010
Bilateral caudate nucleus	4.65 ± 0.47	4.61 ± 0.32	4.59 ± 0.36	0.871
Bilateral putamen	6.41 ± 0.71	6.45 ± 0.57	6.24 ± 0.58	0.833
Bilateral pallidum	2.35 ± 0.21	2.44 ± 0.15	2.35 ± 0.17	0.174
Bilateral hippocampus	5.10 ± 0.52	5.31 ± 0.39	5.17 ± 0.46	0.305
Bilateral nucleus accumbens	0.63 ± 0.13	0.61 ± 0.08	0.60 ± 0.12	0.962

Data are presented as mean with standard deviation. The P-value represents the overall P-value of the F-test

^adifferent from controls

^bdifferent from obese

^cdifferent from type 2 diabetes

^dAnalyses of cortical thickness, surface area and volume are corrected for age, sex, hypertension and estimated total intracranial volume. Subcortical analyses were corrected for age, sex and hypertension only

^eSubcortical volume was corrected for head size by multiplying the participant’s subcortical volume by its own V-scaling factor, obtained by FSL-SIENAX